Between the Wars SSWH 17 SSWH 17 a

Between the Wars SSWH 17

SSWH 17 -a Examine the impact of war on science, art, and social thinking by identifying the cultural significance of Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Picasso.

Post-war beliefs • People began to question traditional beliefs. • People enjoyed the convenience of technological improvements in transportation and communication. • Women and young people demanded more rights.

Albert Einstein • German-born physicist who had new ideas about time, space, energy, and matter. • Said that the speed of light is constant, but space and time are not.

Einstein’s “theory of relativity” • Space and time can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of light. • The speed of light is 186, 000 miles per second. • Uncertainty and relativity replaced Newton’s concept of absolute laws.

Sigmund Freud • Austrian physician who treated patients with psychological problems. • Believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason. • He called the irrational part of the mind the unconscious.

Freudian Psychology • In the unconscious, a number of drives exist, especially pleasure-seeking drives, of which the conscious mind was not aware. • These ideas weakened the faith in reason.

Pablo Picasso • Wanted to depict the inner world of emotion and imagination rather than show realistic representations of objects. • Inspired by African art, he and Georges Braque founded Cubism.

Cubism • Transformed natural shapes into geometric forms. • Objects are broken down into different parts as sharp angles and edges. • Often, several views are depicted at the same time.

Surrealism • Linked to Freud’s ideas. • Tries to call on the unconscious part of the mind. • Paintings have an eerie, dreamlike quality and depict objects in unrealistic ways.

SSWH 17 -b Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s “Five Year Plan”.

The Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin ordered all farmland be distributed among the peasants. • Gave control of factories to the workers. • In 1918, Russia signed a treaty with Germany. • Many Russians were angry with Bolsheviks policies and the murder of the Czar.

The White Army • Opponents of the Bolsheviks formed the White Army. • They supported the return to rule by the Czar, wanted a democratic form of government, and opposed Lenin’s style of socialism.

The Red Army • Led by the Bolshevik revolutionary, Leon Trotsky. • They crushed all opposition and were able to seize power and maintain it. • Around 14 million Russians died in the civil war.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Lenin organized Russian into several self-governing republic under the central government. • In 1922 the country was renamed the USSR. • The Bolsheviks renamed their party the Communist Party.

Communism • Came from the writings of Karl Marx. • Describes the classless society that would exist after workers had seized power.

Joseph Stalin • Came to power after Lenin suffered a stroke. • In 1934, he launched the “Great Purge” to eliminate anyone he suspected of threatening his power. • He was responsible for 8 to 13 million deaths.

Stalin’s command economy • A system in which the government made all economic decisions. • Political leaders identify the country’s economic needs and determine how to fulfill them. • Citizens get no say in economic decisions.

The Five Year Plans • Set impossible high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. • To do this the government limited production of consumer goods. • This led to severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other goods.

Russia’s Agricultural Revolution • The government seized 25 million privately owned farms. • Many farmers tried to fight the government attempt. • Soviet secret police herded peasants onto “collective farms”.

SSWH 17 -c Describe the rise of Fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.

Rise of Fascism • Due to the Great Depression, millions of people lost faith in democratic government. • Fascist promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for hard times, and restore national pride. • Their message attracted many who felt frustrated.

Fascism versus Communism Fascism • Extreme nationalism • Loyalty to an authoritarian ruler • Each social class has its place and function • Made up of aristocrats and industrialist Communism • Internationalist • Loyalty to the Communist Party • No social classes, everyone is equal • Made up of the proletariat, who were industrial workers or farmers

Mussolini’s policies • Abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascist Party. • Secret police jailed opponents. • Censored radio and newspapers. • Outlawed workers strikes. • Used military conquest

Hitler’s policies • Banned all other political parties and had opponents arrested. • Banned worker’s strikes, dissolved labor unions, gave government authority over business. • Used radio, newspaper, films, and paintings for propaganda. • Children joined the “Hitler Youth”.

Hirohito’s policies • Japanese militarist made the emperor the symbol of state power. • Wanted to solve the country’s economic problems through foreign expansion. • Planned a Pacific Empire that would give them raw materials, markets, and room.

SSWH 17 -d Analyze the rise of nationalism as seen in the ideas of Sun Yat Sen, Mustafa Kemal Attaturk, and Mohandas Ghandi.

Sun Yet Sen (Sun Yixian) • Chinese nationalist who overthrew the last Qing emperor. • Believed that modernization and nationalism were the keys to China’s survival.

Sen’s ideas • Nationalism and an end to foreign control • Democracy and people’s rights • Economic security for all Chinese people

“The Chinese people do not have national spirit. Therefore even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in one China, in reality, they are just a heap of loose sand. ” -Sun Yet Sen

Mustafa Kemal Attaturk • At the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was forced to give up all of its territories except Turkey. • Greek soldiers, back by Britain, invaded Turkey. • Kemal led Turkish nationalist in fighting back.

Kemal’s ideas • Became President of the Turkish Republic. • Separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation. • Abolished religious courts and set up a new legal system. • Granted women right to vote and hold office. • Industrialized Turkey.

Mohandas Ghandi • Wanted Indian independence from Britain. • Followed a path of non-cooperation and civil disobedience. • This is the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and non-violence as the means to achieve independence.

Ghandi’s campaign • Boycott British goods, government schools, British taxes, and elections. • Use strikes and demonstrations to shut down the economy. • Used the Salt March to protest British salt laws.

SSWH 17 -e Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how they differ from authoritarian governments.

Totalitarianism • A government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life. • Most have a dynamic leader who utilizes secret police to crush opposition. • Leaders devise methods of control and persuasion.

Key traits of totalitarianism • State control of individuals • Dictatorship and oneparty rule • Methods of enforcement • Dynamic leadership • Modern technology • State control of society • Ideology

State control of individuals • Demands loyalty • Denies basic civil liberties • Expects personal sacrifice for the good of the state

Methods of enforcement • Police terror • Indoctrination • Censorship • Persecution

Modern Technology • Mass communication to spread propaganda • Advanced military weapons

State control of society • • Business Labor Housing Education Religion The arts Personal life

Dictatorship and one-party rule • Exercises absolute authority • Dominates the government

Dynamic leader • Unites the people • Symbolizes the government • Encourages popular support through force of will

Ideology • Sets goals of the state • Glorifies aims of the state • Justifies government actions

Modern-day totalitarian regimes • Afghanistan • Cuba • North Korea • Laos • Vietnam

Authoritarian rule • Confines itself to political control of the state. • “Authoritarian” refers to the structure of government, rather than the structure of society.

SSWH 17 -f Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia; include Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, the rape of Nanjing in China, and German annexation of the Sudetenland.

Mussolini invades Ethiopia • Mussolini order invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. • Spears and swords of the Ethiopians met Italian planes, tanks, and guns. • League of Nations condemned the attack but did nothing to prevent it. • British allowed Italy to pass through the Suez Canal.

The Spanish Civil War • In 1936 Spanish army leaders joined General Francisco Franco in a Fascist revolt. • Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the revolt. • Western democracies remained neutral. • Franco became dictator.

Rape of Nanjing • Due to a border incident, the Japanese swept into Northern China. • Beijing and the capital, Nanjing fell. • Japanese troops killed tens of thousands of captured soldiers and civilians. • Chinese guerillas continued their fight.

German aggression • 1936 - Germany marches into the Rhineland. • 1938 - Germany sent its army into Austria and annexed it. • 1938 - Germany is set to take the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

The Sudetenland • About 3 million Germanspeaking people lived in the Sudetenland. • Hitler demanded that this area be given to Germany. • The Czechs refused and pleaded to the League of Nations. • After the Munich Agreement, Hitler took the area by force.