BELLWORK What are similarities among plants and animals

BELLWORK, What are similarities among plants and animals? Come up with a list.

STANDARD AG-BAS-7: The student demonstrates an understanding of the basic principles of plant science. a) Distinguishes plants from animals and explains how they are alike.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are perennials, biennials, and annuals?

TODAY About 45 minutes worth of notes…. we may go to the greenhouse or watch a movie!

APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF PLANT SCIENCE

HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS DIFFERENT ? • Plants take in nutrients and make their own food : Animals depend on plants for food. • Plants are not mobile, anchored in soil : Animals are mobile. • Plants have rigid cell walls : Animals have cell membranes (no cell walls) • Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen : Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS ALIKE ? • Both have life cycles. • Both carry on life processes: circulation, respiration and growth. • Both are made of cells. • Both plants and animals must have food.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PLANT GROWTH • TEMPERATURE - Some plants are cool season crops and others are warm season crops. • PRECIPITATION - Plants vary in the amount of water they need. • LIGHT - Plants vary in the amount of light they need: referred to as a plants photoperiod.

TYPES OF GROWING SEASONS • COOL SEASON - Life cycle begins in the fall and ends when summer begins : examples include wheat, rye, oats and some varieties of vegetables. • WARM SEASON - Life cycles begins after last frost until the first frost in the fall : Examples include bananas, papaya, oranges, tomatoes, cotton, corn and soybean.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE CYCLE • ANNUALS - Plants that complete their life cycle in one year. • BIENNIALS - Plants that complete their life in two seasons. • PERENNIALS - Plants that live more than two growing seasons.

BELLWORK What is the difference in a perennial plant and an annual plant?

BELLWORK What is the number one field of study at ABAC.

STANDARD AG-BAS-7: The student demonstrates an understanding of the basic principles of plant science. a) Distinguishes plants from animals and explains how they are alike.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are three tropisms that some plants experience.

College First two years of college are much like high school, you will take science, math, history, and english courses. Undergraduate Degrees: Associates: 2 years of college completed Bachelors: 4 years of college completed Graduate Degrees: Masters: 6 years of college completed w/research Doctorate: 8+ years of college completed w/research

VEGETATIVE PARTS OF PLANTS • LEAVES - Make food for the plant through a process known as photosynthesis. • STEMS - Transport water and other material between the leaves and roots; supports the leaves, fruit and other structures. • ROOTS - Anchors the plant; takes in water and minerals and stores food.

TWO MAJOR KINDS OF LEAVES • SIMPLE - Has only one blade; examples are corn, oak tree, sugar maple, elm tree and wheat. • COMPOUND - Divided into two or more leaflets; examples are clover, roses and locust trees.

THREE PATTERNS OF LEAF ARRANGEMENT • ALTERNATE - Only one leaf is located at each node on a stem. • OPPOSITE - Leaves are attached at a node opposite each other. • WHORLED - Three or more leaves are attached at each node.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM • Stems support the leaves and hold them so that they can get sunlight. • Stems support flowers, fruit and other structures. • Stems transport water and other material. • Stems grow. • Stems store food (potato).

KINDS OF STEMS • AERIAL STEMS - Grow above the ground. • SUBTERRANEAN STEMS - Grow below the ground.

SUBTERRANEAN STEMS • TUBERS - Potatoes • CORMS - Gladiolus and garlic • BULBS - Onions and tulips • RHIZOMES - Johnson grass

STEMS CLASSIFIED BY AMOUNT OF WOODY MATERIAL IN THE STEM • SINGLE WOODY TRUNKS - Trees • WOODY STEMS - Shrubs and many crop plants • HERBACEOUS STEMS - Many flowering, vegetable and crop plants.

KINDS OF ROOT SYSTEMS • TAPROOT - Has one main root that grows downward; pine trees, carrots and beets are examples. • FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEMS - Has many small roots and spread out through the soil; wheat, corn, soybeans and tomatoes are examples.

COMMON KINDS OF TROPISM • PHOTOTROPISM - Plants growing or turning in the direction of light. • GEOTROPISM - Plants respond to gravity; involves the roots growing downward. • THIGMOTROPISM - Plants respond to solid objects; plants will grow around or over objects such as rocks and sidewalks; or a tree growing around a fence wire.

NOW Finish the worksheet from Friday! Any questions? ?

What is a Life Cycle? • from the time a seed is planted until the time that a seed is produced

What is a Seed? • package containing an embryo (miniature plant) and food • seeds are alive, need air

What is Germination? • process where embryo changes to seedling (growing plant)

What conditions are necessary for germination? 1) moisture 2) correct temperature 3) air 4) some seeds need light 5) some seeds need help (break seed coat [sunflower], remove a chemical from seed, heat, chill [winter wheat])

What are Warm Season Crops? • soil temperature must be 70 degrees F or more for germination (corn, rice, cotton, melons)

What are Cool Season Crops? • soil temp below 70 degrees F (wheat, barley, beets)

How deep do seeds need to be planted? • • the size of the seed determines larger seed = deeper corn = 4" bluegrass = 1/4"

Germination Process 1) seed absorbs water, swells 2) water activates enzymes which help digest stored food 3) root grows 4) shoot emerges (is now a seedling)

What is vegetative growth? • plant produces food for itself • extra food is stored in roots, stems, etc.

How is food stored in plants? • form of carbohydrates (sugars)

How does respiration work? Food + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

What factors can influence the rate of respiration? 1) high temps = high rate of respiration 2) high amounts of light = high rate 3) high amounts of water = high rate

What is Photosynthesis? • process of converting water and carbon dioxide into food (sugar) and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and light • photosynthesis and respiration are opposite cycles

What is Transpiration? • process of returning water to the air (in the form of gas) • 99% of water taken in by roots is transpired • Wilt = plant transpires more than it takes in

What are Nutrients? • elements needed by plants to grow What are Macronutrients? • needed in large amounts • C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) • plants get C, H, O from air and water

Nutrients What are Primary Nutrients? • N, P, K What are Secondary Nutrients? • Ca, Mg, S • needed less

What are Micronutrients? • needed in small amounts, but essential • excess amounts are toxic • Fe, Bo, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cu, Cl

16 Essential Nutrients • C H O P K N S Ca Fe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Cl Mo • An easy way to help remember essential nutrients is with the help of this sentence (each word or letter stands for each nutrient): C Hopkins Café Managed By Mine Cousin Clomo

Basic Parts of the Plant • • Roots Stems Leaves Flower

Roots • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Anchor Plant Absorb water and minerals Translocate water and minerals to stem Store Food

Stems • 1. Translocate water, minerals and food to the leaves • 2. Support the leaves and display them to light • 3. Store Food

Leaves • 1. Make food through photosynthesis • 2. Provide site of gas exchange • 3. Store food

Flowers • 1. Contain organs for specialized sexual production • 2. Produce seeds and fruit

Different type of Roots • A. Tap Root – Continuation of the primary root – Ideal for anchorage – Penetration is greater for water – Storage area for food made by photosynthesis

ARE YOU PAYING ATTENTION? • THERE JUST MAY BE A QUIZ!!!

Different type of Roots • B. Fibrous Roots – Many finely branched secondary roots – Shallow roots cover a large area • More effective absorption of water and minerals • Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion

Different type of Roots • C. Aerial roots – Clinging air roots • Short roots that grow horizontally from the stems • Roots that fasten the plant to a support – Absorptive air roots

Different type of Roots • Adventitious Roots – Develop in places other than nodes – Can form on cuttings and rhizomes

Roots • Root hairs: – Tiny one celled hair like extensions of the epidermal cells located near the tips of the roots where vascular tissues have formed. – Increase surface area – Absorb water and minerals from soil

Specialized Stems • A. Corm (gladiolus, crocus) – underground – Solid, fleshy, scale covered

WAKE UP!!!!!! • DON’T FALL ASLEEP • PAY ATTENTION! • THIS MEANS YOU!!!

Specialized Stems • B. Bulb (tulips, lillies, onions) – Layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other – Underground stem

Specialized Stems • C. Tuber (potato, caladium) – Food storage area – Short, thick underground stem

Specialized Stems • D. Crown (African Violets, fern) – Closely grouped stems or plantlets – Just above ground or just below

Specialized Stems • E. Spurs (pear and apple trees) – Short sems found on woody plant limbs adapted for increased production of fruits

Specialized Stems • F. Rhizomes (iris, lily of the valley) – Underground stems that produce roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots above the ground

Specialized Stems • G. Stolon (Strawberry, airplane plant) – Stem that grows horizontally above the soil surface

Principal Tissues of the Leaf • Epidermis – Cuticle • Waxy substance covers the leaves and stems • Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants

Principal Tissues of the Leaf • Epidermis (cont) – Stomata • Openings in the epidermis mainly located on underside of leaves • Exchange of gases

Principal Tissues of the Leaf • Epidermis (cont) – Guard Cells • Two cells located on each side of stomata • Open and closes stomata

Principal Tissues of the Leaf • Mesophyll layer – Palisade mesophyll • Primary site of photosynthesis – Spongy mesophyll • Contains air and chloroplasts • Site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

Principal Tissues of the Leaf • Veins or vascular bundles – In spongy mesophyll – Phloem tissues conduct food from photosynthesis to rest of plant – Xylem tissues conduct water and minerals up to cells in leaves and stems

Parts of the Flower • Sepals – Outer covering of the flower bud – Protects the stamens and pistills when flower is in bud stage

Parts of the Flower • Petals – Brightly colored – Protects stamen and pistills – Attracts pollinating insects

Parts of the Flower • Stamens – Male Reproductive part – Anther-produces pollen – Filament-supports the anther

Parts of the Flower • Pistil – Female reproductive part – Ovary • Enlarged portion at base of pistill • Produces ovules which develop into seeds – Stigma • Holds the pollen grains

Parts of the Flower • Style – Connects the stigma with ovary – Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated

Complete and Incomplete Flowers • Complete: have all four main parts – Sepals – Petals – Stamens – Pistils

Parts of the plant and their functions

Importance of plants • Without plants life on earth would not exist

Plants: • Primary source of food for people and animals • Produce oxygen • help to keep us cool • renew the air

Plants: • slow wind speed • provide a home for wildlife • beautify surroundings • perfume the air • furnish building materials and fuel

Parts of a plant • Four basic parts –leaves –stems –roots –flowers

Leaves • the food factory of the plant • produce the food used by the plant or stored for later use

Shape and size of leaves • vary among plants • used for identification of plants

Leaf arrangement • alternate • opposite • whorled –arranged in a circle around the stem

External leaf structure • petiole - leaf stalk • leaf blade (leaf) –has veins –forms structural framework of the leaf

Midrib • large center vein from which all other leaf veins extend

Margins • edges of leaves • assists in plant identification

Internal leaf structure • epidermis –skin of the leaf –single layer of cells –protects leaf from loss of too much moisture

Guard Cells • open and close the small pore on the underside of the leaf

Stomates • allow the plant to breathe and transpire –give off moisture

Chloroplasts • contain chlorophyll • located inside the food making cells

What is a Perfect Flower? • has Stamen & Pistil on same flower • only one part = imperfect

What is the difference between a Monoecious and Deoecious plant? • Monoecious: male & female flowers on same plant • Dioecious: male & female flowers on different plants

What are the other parts of the flower? • Calyx: all the sepals • Corolla: all the petals

What is a Complete Flower? • A flower that has all four major flower parts: Pistil, Stamen, Calyx, Corolla

What type of flower does the grass plant have? • has calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen • any missing parts = incomplete • perfect & incomplete

What are the types of Inflorescences? • Panicle Inflorescence: (oats, some grasses) branched structure at tip of stem

What are the types of Inflorescences? • Spike Inflorescence: (wheat, barley) spikelets attached directly to stem.

What are the types of Inflorescences? • Raceme Inflorescence: (mustard, rapeseed) single flowers attached to stalk or stem.

What are the types of Inflorescences? • Head Inflorescence: (sunflower) enlarged stem = receptacle

What is a Fruit? • An Apple or Tomato is considered a fruit. A Fruit is a mature ovary. • Fruits can be fleshy (tomato) or dry (wheat)

What is Pollination? • process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma • plants can be self-pollinated (male & female flowers on same plant) or cross-pollinated (different plants)

What is Fertilization? • when sperm is united with an egg • pollen lands on stigma, germinates, and grows down style to the ovary where sperm fertilizes the egg (pollen tube) • there actually two fertilizations. Second sperm fertilizes second egg to form the endosperm (food for the seed)