Bellwork Questions Introduction Question One Write down three

Bellwork Questions

Introduction

______ Question One Write down three things you hope to learn in AP World History.

______ Question Two Set one long-term goal for AP World: My long-term goal is to ________.

______ Question Three Set one short-term goal for AP World: My short-term goal is to ________.

______ Question Four In early art, why do images of animals appear to be more accurate than images of people? Animals were possibly more important to early humans as a source of food and clothing OR early humans felt it was more important to take the time to make accurate representations

______ Question Five What do we mean when we say humankind became globalized during the Paleolithic Era? During the Paleolithic era, Homo sapiens colonized the world, making themselves at home in environments as diverse as the Arctic and the rain forests of Brazil (CCOT)

Chapter One First Peoples; First Farmers 8, 000 BCE to 4, 000 BCE

______ Question One How did humans in Paleolithic times interact with the environment? § used plants and animals for food and clothing § did not build permanent shelters or plant food (TLO – Interaction between Humans and the Environment)

______ Question Two What human activities of the Paleolithic era are familiar to 21 st century humans? § technology innovation § hunting and fishing § settlements § exchange networks § burial of dead (TLO – Interaction between Humans and the Environment)

______ Question Three Why are mythical stories important to humans? Want to believe there is something beyond the reality of everyday life (Engage)

______ Question Four What is your favorite food? Did it originate where we live? (Engage)

______ Question Five Write down one concept that stood out to you for each of the following: § pastoral societies § agricultural village societies § chiefdoms

Question Five Answers Write down one concept that stood out to you for each of the following: § pastoral societies Pastoralists were found in almost every region of the earth § agricultural village societies had features of democracy § chiefdoms Chiefs often claimed their authority from an ancient legendary leader

Chapter Two First Civilizations 3, 500 BCE to 600 BCE

______ Question One What aspects of modern civilization would you miss if you were to move from your current location to a very different environment? city to country / country to city (Engage)

______ Question Two What was the “Mandate of Heaven”? The monarch served as an intermediary between heaven and earth AND ruled by the Mandate of Heaven only so long as he governed with benevolence and maintained social harmony among his people (HST = CCOT)

______ Question Three What is patriarchy? § patriarchal societies regarded men as superior to women § sons preferable to daughters § women subordinate to men in the family and in society (HST = CCOT)

______ Question Four Why would an unpredictable flooding of the Nile cause political and social upheaval? when the Nile floods were lower than usual, low grain yields led to starvation, increased disease, and loss of livestock… starvation, increased disease, and loss of possessions would create disorder = people question whether their political rulers still held the favor of the gods (HST = Causation)

______ Question Five Write down one similarity among the First Civilizations for each of the following category: § political structure § economy base § social structure (Exit)

Question Five Answers Write down one similarity among the First Civilizations for each of the following category: § political structure relied on divine kingship to rule § economy base grain-based agriculture and reliant on irrigation § social structure became more and more hierarchical and developed segregated gender roles (Exit)

Chapter Three State and Empire in Eurasia / North Africa 600 BCE to 600 CE

______ Question One What is an “empire” and what were common characteristics of empires during the classical era? § common characteristics of empires in the classical era include large, multiethnic, multicultural states § more complex systems of government § patriarchal societies § more complex economic systems § more cultural blending (Bell)

______ Question Two Why was Rome successful in maintaining its power for hundreds of years? Rome was willing to commit the necessary manpower and resources to maintain its vast empire and retain its power (Engage)

______ Question Three How did Qin Shihuangdi transform China from a collection of a warring states to a unified empire? § adopted legalism § maintained authority through clear rules and harsh punishments § Executed scholars who opposed his policies and burned their books § Constructed the Great Wall of China § Proposed a uniformed system of weights, measures, and currency § Standardized the written form of the Chinese language (Engage)

______ Question Four What are cultural blending and syncretism? Cultural blending is the blending of cultural beliefs and social activities of one group with those of another group Syncretism is the combination of different cultural beliefs that result in a unique culture (TLO = Development and Interaction of Cultures)

______ Question Five Make connections between the following paired terms: § Persian Empire and Greco-Persian Wars § Hellenistic Era and Kushan Empire § Augustus and pax Romana (Exit)

Question Five Answers Make connections between the following paired terms: § Persian Empire and Greco-Persian Wars the Persian Empire’s decline began with its losses in the Greco-Persian Wars § Hellenistic Era and Kushan Empire as a result of the Hellenistic era and the spreading of Creak culture, the Kushan Empire adopted aspects of Greek artistic styles into its own art § Augustus and pax Romana the pax Romana began with Augustus’s rise to power and lasted for almost 200 years (Exit)

Chapter Four Culture and Religion in Eurasia / North Africa 600 BCE to 600 CE

______ Question One Why would increased contact with other civilizations contribute to social disruption? when groups interact, they share different cultural norms, which can lead to change or a desire for change (Engage)

______ Question Two Position Direct Subordinate Ruler Subject Husband Wife Father Son Elder brother Younger brother A. What is the fifth Confucian relationship, and how does it rank in the hierarchy? B. How do these relationships reinforce order in society? C. How did the ideals of Confucianism influence social order? (Engage / TLO = Development and interaction of cultures)

Question Two Answers Position Direct Subordinate Ruler Subject Husband Wife Father Son Elder brother Younger brother A. What is the fifth Confucian relationship, and how does it rank in the hierarchy? fifth relationship is friendship = only one of the five with equality

Question Two Answers Position Direct Subordinate Ruler Subject Husband Wife Father Son Elder brother Younger brother B. How do these relationships reinforce order in society? order may be maintained if people in a dominant position ensure the safety and well-being of those in a subservient positions work in the service of those in the dominant position

Question Two Answers Position Direct Subordinate Ruler Subject Husband Wife Father Son Elder brother Younger brother C. How did the ideals of Confucianism influence social order? Answers Will Vary

______ Question Three What would spark a Daoist uprising? Why is Buddhism universally appealing? Daoist uprising might occur if people felt that political and economic interests weighted more heavily in society than ecological interests Egalitarian nature of Buddhism, which appeals to women and people in lower castes (HLO = Interaction between Humans and the Environment / Development and Transformation of Social Structures)

______ Question Four Why do you think order is sometimes maintained through violent means instead of through ideological persuasion or the adoption and application of religious ideals? violence tends to have an immediate response. Ideological persuasion and the adoption and application of religious ideals take time (Engage)

______ Question Five Of the various belief systems, which do you think is most effective in helping to maintain political and social order?

Chapter Five Society and Inequality in Eurasia / North Africa 600 BCE to 600 CE

______ Question One How might a society use race, religion, or income as the basis for social structure, and how restrictive might each factor be? a race-based system might restrict a person’s ability to move into different social levels because race is not something a person can change However, a social system based on income would permit a person to move into a different social level if his or her income changed (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Two What factors made life difficult for peasants in China in the classical period? nature, the state, and landlords all made life difficult for peasants. Less ideal farming conditions made farming difficult, and natural disasters such as flooding could ruin an entire crop. State taxes and conscripted labor required time and money that peasants could not devote to their own subsistence. Landlords could charge exorbitant rates to the use of land (TLO = Development and Transformation of Social Structures)

______ Question Three Does our society treat people differently according to differences in color, education, wealth, or profession? (TLO = Development and Transformation of Social Structures)

______ Question Four How did slave systems vary in Rome, Greece, China, and India in the classical period? Greece and Rome = slaves accomplished much of the agricultural and other labor / they could be emancipated / sometimes even permitted to purchase their freedom China = slavery was not widespread / slavery was not widespread India = slaves were protected both by law and religious doctrine / did no depend on slavery because most work was done by lower-cast men (TLO = Development and Transformation of Social Structures)

______ Question Five What are some similarities and differences in ancient Rome and Sparta? both were militaristic and held large groups of slaves to control Rome = expansionistic / army required commitment of 20 years / less stable political system Sparta = non-expansionistic / lifetime military experience starting at age 7 / women had higher status / more stable political system (TLO = State Building, Expansion, and Conflict)

Chapter Six Commonalities and Variations 600 BCE to 1, 200 CE

______ Question One What are some causes and consequences of access to a stable food supply? farming and irrigation helped people create a stable food supply consequences include population growth, specialization of labor and social hierarchies (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Two In what ways did Africans during the classical period interact with their environment? farming / migration / pastoral life in Africa / use of iron to make tools in Africa (TLO = Interaction Between Humans and the Environment)

______ Question Three What environmental factor contributed to the development of the “cities without states? ” prolonged dry period from 500 BCE to the early years of he Common Era brought people in search of water / these people moved and brought domesticated animals, agricultural skills, and ironworking technology (TLO = Interaction Between Humans and the Environment)

______ Question Four What does the description of the city Teotihuacán tell us? a. Teotihuacán was a patriarchy and had a caste system b. Teotihuacán art and architecture reflected religious beliefs c. Teotihuacán imposed political unity on areas where there had been competing states C (Engage)

______ Question Five Write down one thing you found surprising of the cultures of the Americas in the classical period. (Exit)

Chapter Seven Commerce and Culture 600 CE to 1, 450 CE

______ Question One Write a thesis statement for the following prompt: Analyze continuities and changes along the Silk Roads from 200 BCE to 1450 CE • continual movement of cultural ideas (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam) • continued trade of luxury items (silk, spices, porcelain, cotton textiles) • changes in political control that affected the stability of the Silk Roads (collapse of the Han dynasty, stability throughout the Mongol Empire) • changes in methods of transporting goods (Bellwork)

______ Question Two Brainstorm evidence for the following prompt: Analyze the continuities and changes in cultural traditions that occurred as a result of one of the following trade system in the period from 600 CE to 1, 450 CE: * Indian Ocean * Silk Roads * Trans-Saharan * Trade Networks in the Americas Indian Ocean = Buddhism, Islam, architecture Silk Roads = Buddhism, Hinduism, architecture T rans-Saharan = Islam, languages, architecture Americas = religious practices (Bellwork)

______ Question Three Why are things from a distant place – for example, Italian shoes, German automobiles – more interesting or alluring than locally produced items? (Engage)

______ Question Four What were the political, social, and economic effect of trade routes (networks of exchange)? States can tax the trade routes and gain money for their treasury. The merchant class can gain power and wealth. The luxury goods exchanged over the trade routes can act as a visible sign of wealth and status for the elite. The ability to trade opened up economic opportunities for manufacturers of luxury goods. (Tip)

______ Question Five Make a connection between the following paired terms: • Silk Roads and Sand Roads • Angor Kat and Srivijaya • Great Zimbabwe and Swahili Civilizations (Exit)

Question Five Answers Make a connection between the following paired terms: • Silk roads and Sand Roads Silk roads were trade routes beginning in China and spreading to Europe Sand Roads were the trans-Saharan trade routes • Angor Kat and Srivijaya as a result of trade patterns in the Indian Ocean, both areas borrowed heavily form Indian culture • Great Zimbabwe and Swahili Civilizations • both were civilizations located in East Africa and both had their roots in the Bantu culture (Exit)

Chapter Eight China and the World 600 CE to 1, 300 CE

______ Question One What impact did the construction of the Grand Canal have on politics in China? On trade? it made unification under the Sui dynasty easier to achieve / it allowed goods from agricultural regions to reach markets faster and more easily, contributing to the economic prosperity of China (TLO = State Building, Expansion, and Conflict)

______ Question Two What was the purpose of the Great Wall? it made unification under the Sui dynasty easier to achieve / it allowed goods from agricultural regions to reach markets faster and more easily, contributing to the economic prosperity of China (Tip)

______ Question Three How was the relationship with China similar for Korea, Vietnam, and Japan? all three retained distinct identities, but they also borrowed major elements of Chinese culture (HTS = Comparison)

______ Question Four What role did geography play in the expansion of China and Japan? Japan’s distance from China’s mainland allowed Japan to keep most of its own culture and to pick and choose what it wanted to import from Chinese culture (Engage)

______ Question Five List one important fact about China between 600 CE and 1, 300 CE for each of the following categories: • Political • Social • Economic (Exit)

Chapter Nine The Worlds of Islam 600 CE to 1, 450 CE

______ Question One How does Chris. Mus break the stereotypes we have about Muslims and Christians? typically Christians and Muslims are thought of as separate / Chris. Mus’ might pray in both a mosque and a church, and they workshop both the Christian God and Allah (Engage)

______ Question Two Explain the differences of the following civilizations: § first wave § second wave § third wave (HTS = Periodization)

Question Two Answers Explain the differences of the following civilizations: § first wave early adopters of agriculture § second wave classical civilizations = Rome / Han China § third wave rose around 600 after the fall of the classical civilizations (HTS = Periodization)

______ Question Three How were the Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad similar? In what ways did Islam differ from Christianity? All three men had powerful religious experiences that convinced them to lead a religious movement Christianity developed independently of political rule, a separate church and state structure / Islam had religious and political structure grew simultaneously and was held by the same person (Engage / Tip)

______ Question Four How is Sikhism an example of a syncretic religion? Blended the Islamic belief in one god with Hindu beliefs in karma and reincarnation (Engage)

______ Question Five What evidence supports the following statement: “Dar al Islam (larger Islamic community) was the first global civilization” Vastness of the empire / long-lasting cultural impact / cultural and economic changes over the 1, 000 year history of the empire (Exit)

Chapter Ten The Worlds of Christendom 600 CE to 1, 300 CE

______ Question One How did the Byzantine Empire continue patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns? Road system, taxation policies, military structure, centralized administration of the empire and imperial court / Byzantine Empire was smaller, offered more legal protections for women, and began to change some of the religious practices in the Christian church (Bell)

______ Question Two The Crusades served as a major turning point in European history and contributed to the end of the medieval period. Support or refute the statement. Support = exposed Europeans to new ideas and new trade items, causing them to become more curious about the world around them Refute = many of the new ideas introduced were known to European elites and religions figures (Bellwork)

______ Question Three Why would the Byzantine Empire refer to Constantinople as the “New Rome”? They worked to preserve a legacy of classical Greco-Roman civilization and the Roman Empire / it employed the Roman legal code and imperial administration / celebrated and preserved Roman culture (Engage)

______ Question Four What characteristics marked Kievan Rus as a third-wave civilization? 9 th century, was a new civilization whose development was stimulated by trade / its emergence in a region where one had not existed before and its social stratification (Engage)

______ Question Five Do you think the Byzantine Empire or Western Europe was more effective in longterm political and cultural developments? Explain your answer. (Exit)

Chapter Eleven Pastoral Peoples on the Global State 1, 200 CE to 1, 450 CE

______ Question One “The Mongols were uncivilized” *strongly agree *disagree * strongly disagree (Bellwork)

______ Question Two What were the outward signs of the growing wealth and social mobility of the Mongols? outward signs included access to more expensive clothing made of silk and linen, slave ownership, and greater opportunities (TLO = Development and Interaction of Cultures)

______ Question Three What can you infer about the Mongol Empire by the fact that it issued official decrees in multiple languages? issuing decrees illustrates the size and scope of the empire and the integration of the various peoples that were conquered (TLO = State Building, Expansion, and Conflict)

______ Question Three How did the plague contribute to the decline of the Mongol Empire? as large groups of the population died from the plague, local leaders struggled with retaining political control, and rulers succumbed to the plague leaving power vacuums in some regions (TLO = Interaction Between Humans and the Environment)

______ Question Four How did the plague contribute to the decline of the Mongol Empire? as large groups of the population died from the plague, local leaders struggled with retaining political control, and rulers succumbed to the plague leaving power vacuums in some regions (TLO = Interaction Between Humans and the Environment)

______ Question Five Create a thesis statement about the Mongols.

Chapter Twelve The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century

______ Question One Should Columbus Day be celebrated in October for Christopher Columbus? Why or Why not?

______ Question Two If a government uses religion to control its people, is that political or religious control? any method government uses for control, including religion, is considered political control (TIP)

______ Question Three In what ways is China’s “Mandate of Heaven” an unusual form of political control? even though the emperor was seen as quasidivine (the Son of Heaven), if his rule was judged to be poor or he was weak and came to be overthrown, it was understood that he no longer held the Mandate of Heaven and a new dynasty was accepted (TIP)

______ Question Four Why did the Chinese stop sea voyages? What was the long-term effect? many high-ranking officials thought the expeditions were a waste of resources because China required little from the outside world cleared the way for Portuguese to penetrate the region (Engage / HTS = Causation)

______ Question Five What is gender parallelism? Describes a social arrangement in which men and women operate in separate spheres but are considered equal in the eyes of society (TLO = Development and Transformation of Social Structures)

Chapter Thirteen Political Transformations 1450 C. E. – 1750 C. E.

______ Question One Explain why Imperialism is considered an insult today, but was a point of pride in 1450 C. E. to 17. 50 C. E. ? During the time, creating an empire meant building strength. Today, empire building implies domination and exploitation. (HTS = Contextualization)

______ Question Two New World Items vs. Old World Items Write down the origin of each item: Turkey: Citrus: Llama: Pig: Horse: Guinea pig: Potatoes: Peas: Beans: Tomatoes: Peppers: Peanuts: Sweet Potatoes: Smallpox: Broccoli: Cassava: Coffee: Cocoa: (Tip)

______ Question Two New World Items vs. Old World Items Write down the origin of each item: Turkey: N Citrus: O Llama: N Pig: O Horse: O Guinea pig: N Potatoes: N Peas: O Beans: N Tomatoes: N Peppers: N Peanuts: N Sweet Potatoes: N Smallpox: O Broccoli: O Cassava: N Coffee: O Cocoa: N (Tip)

______ Question Three Describe the long-term effects of the Columbian Exchange • move toward more homogeneity in plants, animals, and humans • Scientific Revolution • Industrial Revolution • increased wealth of European societies • shifting of the balance of power toward Western Europe (Tip)

______ Question Four Explain the similarities and differences in the mita and encomienda systems. • Mita system was started by the Incas; however, under the Spanish it evolved into the encomienda system • Mita = all Inca males (15 -50) were required to labor for the state / military service • Encomienda = used to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior (Tip)

______ Question Five Compare and contrast the empire building in Russia with the building of the Spanish Empire in Latin America. • Similarities: conquest / changing the landscape / sexual violence / gradual assimilation and adoption of religion • Differences: Russia expanded contiguously / Spanish was a maritime empire (HTS = Comparison)

Chapter Fourteen Economic Transformations 1450 C. E. – 1750 C. E.

______ Question One List the factors leading to Europe’s involvement in the Indian Ocean trade. • Improved maritime technology • High demand for spices • Desire to spread Christianity • Desire of European monarchs to increase their wealth and power (Tip)

______ Question Two Why was Russia just now beginning to participate in global commerce? Russia had to reorganize politically after the Mongol threat was over, and part of its political reorganization involved conquering Siberia. In this period, Russian monarchs wanted to expand their territory and become involved in the wealth available by participating in global commerce. (HTS = Contextualization)

______ Question Three Explain how the Spanish changed the culture of the Philippines by turning the Philippines into the only major out post of Christianity in Asia. The local practices declined as the population was forced to live in more concentrated Christian communities. Women who had been ritual specialists, healers, and midwives were replaced by male Spanish priests, and their former practices were disgraced (TLC = Development and Interaction of Cultures)

______ Question Four In addition to germs and guns, what other destructive imports did Europeans bring to the New World? Alcohol, including brandy, rum, and whiskey Explain why it was so destructive. Natives had little or no experience with alcohol and exposure led to binge drinking, violence, promiscuity, and addiction (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Five Make a connection between the following paired terms: • Indian Ocean commercial network and British Dutch East India companies • African diaspora and Benin and Dahomey (Exit)

______ Question Five Make a connection between the following paired terms: • Indian Ocean commercial network and British Dutch East India companies The Indian Ocean commercial network refers to the massive interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered the Indian Ocean The British Dutch East India companies were private trading companies charted by their respective governments and given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and rule conquered peoples

______ Question Five Make a connection between the following paired terms: • African diaspora and Benin and Dahomey The African diaspora refers to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade. Benin and Dahomey were West African kingdoms. Benin’s strong kings limited involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, while Dahomey’s rulers exploited the slave trade

Chapter Fifteen Cultural Transformations 1450 C. E. – 1750 C. E.

______ Question One Identify advances in science that have had an impact on your life. cell phones / computers / cars / Wi-Fi / internet / Bluetooth / video games (Bellwork)

______ Question Two What caused the Protestant Reformation to begin? German priest Martin Luther openly debated the abuses he saw within the Roman Catholic Church in his Ninety-Five Theses; which he was said to have nailed to a church door in Wittenberg. In this document, Luther was critical of what he saw as corruption and immorality in the Church, including the luxurious lifestyle of the popes, the sale of indulgences, and the aspects of church life (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Three Analyze the impact of the printing press on the spread and splintering of Protestantism. The printing press allowed new ideas to be printed and distributed in large quantities, thus allowing these ideas to reach more people throughout Europe. It also allowed for individuals who opposed the Catholic Church to spread dissent and create splinter faiths (HTS = Contextualization)

______ Question Four What are some of the political and social factors that divided Europe? • Sharp class divisions • Fractured political systems • Religious differences between and within states (Tip)

______ Question Five How did the Protestant Reformation lead to the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment? The independent thinking that was encouraged ruing the Protestant Reformation led to the observation and experimentation that influenced the Scientific Revolution, and the increased knowledge then led to the Enlightenment (Exit)

Chapter Sixteen Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes 1750 C. E. – 1900 C. E.

______ Question One What does the word Revolution mean? On the one hand, revolution means turning It also means the overthrow of an existing government or a radical change in the way people live or think (Bell)

______ Question Two How were the Atlantic revolutions connected to one another? American Thomas Jefferson was in France just before the French Revolution and provided encouragement Simon Bolivar visited Haiti twice and received military aid from the Haitians when he was fighting his own war of independence (Engage)

______ Question Three Can the concepts of liberty and equality co-exist or do the two concepts cancel each other out? Being free means that people have more choices about what they do and who they become. One could argue that this prevents equality, because people have different skills, talents, and degrees of drive. Some people argue that those forms of government that claim to provide equality restrict liberty. If equality is interpreted to mean equality of opportunity, then liberty and equality can co-exist (Engage)

______ Question Four How did Louis XVI’s desire to keep France solvent contribute to the French Revolution? In a desperate effort to raise taxes in the face of opposition from the privileged classes National Assembly (1 st and 2 nd Estate) made laws Declaration of the Rights of Man written = all actions, unprecedented and illegal, launched the French Revolution (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Five Write down one concept that stood out to you from each of the following: American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Latin American Revolutions (Exit)

______ Question Five Write down one concept that stood out to you from each of the following: American Revolution * First successful war for independence * Only example of colonies uniting into a country * First application of Enlightenment ideas (Exit)

______ Question Five Write down one concept that stood out to you from each of the following: French Revolution * Influence reverberated worldwide * In radical phase, revolutionaries sought to expunge legacy of nobility and church power • Under Napoleon, the concept of citizen army was applied as he expanded the French territory into an empire

______ Question Five Write down one concept that stood out to you from each of the following: Haitian Revolution * Direct descendant of the French Revolution * Became a violent slave rebellion and as such horrified the Latin American and American elite * Eventually led to the end of slavery, as the price of slavery was seen as much greater than the benefits (Exit)

______ Question Five Write down one concept that stood out to you from each of the following: Latin American Revolutions * Leaders had to walk a fine line between empowering the lower classes and ensuring that there would not be a large -scale revolt as in Haiti * Simon Bolivar hoped to follow in American footsteps by creating the country of Gran Colombia, but this did not materialize (Exit)

Chapter Seventeen Revolutions of Industrialization 1750 C. E. – 1900 C. E.

______ Question One What was the significance of the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed human ways of life and transformed the relationship between humans and the natural world (Engage)

______ Question Two Why might historians consider Europe an unlikely place for the Industrial Revolution to have begun? • long-distance trade and the intellectual exchange that goes along with trade were limited in medieval Europe • Hindering intellectual and technological development for years • Political fragmentation and frequent invasions made life unstable for the centuries • Europe was not one of the technological or intellectual leaders of the world prior to this time period (HTS = Contextualization)

______ Question Three How did the Scientific Revolution in Britain contribute to the Industrial Revolution? • the kind of science practiced in Britain played a role in the invention and improvement of the steam engine • inventors worked closely with the scientific community • the British Royal Society (an association of scientists) published broadsheets and pamphlets and held public lectures and demonstrations = permanent integration of science and technology (HTS = Comparison)

______ Question Four What specific contributions did the United States make to the Industrial Revolution? • Innovators in the United States pioneered techniques of mass production, using interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and “scientific management” to produce goods for a mass market • Advertising agencies, mail-order catalogs, and urban department stores helped generate a middle-class “culture of consumption” (Engage)

______ Question Five How has the Industrial Revolution changed society in the world today? (Exit)

Chapter Eighteen Colonial Encounters in Asia, Africa, and Oceania 1750 C. E. – 1900 C. E.

______ Question One Could imperialism be considered a change from previous mechanisms of state building? If so, how? Imperialism continues the pattern of empire building – expansion of one civilization into another – and the stronger nations conquering the weaker and less technologically advanced. During this period, the process intensified; the emergent industrial economies of European countries made imperialism more aggressive. (Engage)

______ Question Two What are some legacies of imperialism that you can think of? The influence of imperialism remains in the languages some countries use as their official language. For example, the official language of some former French colonies in Africa is French. Also, English has become an international language. The boundaries of many countries were set during imperialism. Laws change and became more European, as did many educational systems. (Engage)

______ Question Three How did the concept of social Darwinism apply Darwin’s ideas about the survival of the fittest? According to social Darwinism, European dominance was an example of the natural order Darwin proposed, by which those who were fittest to survive dominated, displaced, and even eliminated those who were unfit. Proponents of social Darwinism believed that Europeans, or whites, were naturally the most fit to rule. (Engage)

______ Question Four What caused the scramble for Africa? The scramble for Africa occurred because of intense rivalries among European states. (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Five Did imperialism provide anything positive to natives? Explain your answer. • New means of communication and transportation were developed • Sanitation measures and public health initiatives (Engage)

Chapter Nineteen Empires in Collison 1800 C. E. – 1900 C. E.

______ Question One What do you think enabled Japan to undergo radical transformation and a long period of prosperity? There was a long period of peace, society was carefully ordered, the country was governed as individual states without too much power given to a central authority, and well-functioning networks of exchange and flourishing cities contributed to economic growth and development (Bell)

______ Question Two How might the succession of rebellions described in the text represent an expected political result according to the Mandate of Heaven? According to the Mandate of Heaven, when one dynasty no longer served the gods and the country well enough, rebellion was necessary to bring in better leadership (HTS = Continuity and Change over Time)

______ Question Three Western nations, Japan, and Russia “carved out spheres of influence within China” What does this mean? These nations gave themselves special economic rights and the right to establish military bases, and they established control over the legal system with regard to foreign citizens (TLO = Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems)

______ Question Four What were the political and social continuities in the Ottoman Empire in this era? Politically the leadership remained Turkic and Muslim / the empire did not experience the same kind of internal upheaval as in China in part because it did not experience the same kind of population growth and its people remained primarily Turkic and Muslim like its leadership (Tip)

______ Question Five What changes occurred in the role of women in Meiji Japan? Although a reform movement arose, women’s roles remained largely the same. The new government did make plans for education that included girls with a gender-specific curriculum. However, women could not play a role in public life, could not take legal action, and had no political rights (TLO = Development and Transformation of Social Sturctures)

Chapter Twenty Collapse at the Center 1900 C. E. – 1970 s C. E.

______ Question One Define “total war” Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets. It is war that is unrestricted in the weapons used, territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued It can also require significant sacrifices by most of the civilian population (Bellwork)

______ Question Two List the causes of World War I. M A I N = Militarism = Alliance System = Imperialism = Nationalism (Engage)

______ Question Three How does war unify a nation? A common enemy usually brings a nation together and can tend to take precedence over internal disagreements. Concern for the safety of loved ones and the protection of property as well as shared values can bring people together (Engage)

______ Question Four

______ Question Four Which as a consequence of the employment information shown in the graph? A. China adopted communism to avoid a depression B. Governments began to take a more active role in economic life. C. Great Britain granted independence to India in order to focus on the British unemployment crisis D. The United States refused to pay war reparations B

______ Question Five Do you think history repeats itself? Justify your answer. (Exit)

Chapter Twenty-One Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict 1917 C. E. – Present C. E.

______ Question One Write a thesis: Analyze the similarities and differences between communism in the USSR and in China from 1900 – present. (Bell)

______ Question One Similarities • Both countries went through revolutions • Both countries replaced existing governments with a communist government Differences • The USSR’s communism focused on the working class (proletariat) • China’s communism focused on the peasants (Bell)

______ Question Two Define communism. A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs (Engage)

______ Question Three Since the French Revolution, revolutionary leaders have typically promised land reform. List the land reforms made by the Soviet Union and China after the revolutions. (TIP)

______ Question Three Soviet Union • Under Lenin, the spontaneous redistribution of land to the peasants was ratified by the government • Under Stalin, collective agriculture ended private property ownership China • A long, difficult process to redistributing land began in the 1950 s • By the late 1950 s, collectivization was occurring in China (Tip)

______ Question Four What is the “Iron Curtain” referred to? The term referred to the imaginary wall between East and West Germany. After 1962, the Berlin Wall visually represented the “Iron Curtain” (Engage)

______ Question Five Communism is responsible for crimes against humanity, but is democracy responsible for crimes against humanity as well? Justify your answer. Yes Native Americans = forced from traditional lands Mc. Carthy witch-hunts in the 1950 s South Korea still has limits on freedom of expression (Exit)

Chapter Twenty-Two The End of Empire 1900 C. E. – Present C. E.

______ Question One Based on what you know about imperialism, what difficulties do you think the newly independent countries might have faced? (Bellwork)

______ Question One Newly independent countries would have lacked experienced administrative leadership. It might have been easy to fall into an autocratic or dictatorial rule because that is what the nation had already experienced under colonialism. Because many countries were artificially created by Europeans, they consisted of various ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups with different cultures and values, who were all expected to unite under a single nationality. Creating a sense of national unity could be difficult in these circumstances. The place of Europeanized elites and natives who did not have access to education created tensions. (Bellwork)

______ Question Two How did European leaders respond to the increasing nationalist pressures in their colonies? They began to see an opportunity to maintain the economic connections with their colonies without the expenses of formal colonial government. Eventually they began to plan for decolonization, including making gradual political reforms; investing in railroads, ports, and telegraph lines; holding elections; and writing constitutions (Engage)

______ Question Three Explain the urban bias and why it was criticized. The urban bias is the notion that cities drive modernization. This led to the development of primate cities – often the capital of a developing country – where all infrastructure funds are concentrated on one area. This often led to the neglect of rural areas and insufficient investment in agriculture (Engage)

______ Question Four What role may geography have played in the Turkish government’s decision to move toward the West culturally and politically? Turkey is the northernmost and westernmost nation in the Middle East and has had a long history of being interconnected with Russia and Eastern Europe, in addition to its relationship with other Muslim countries. (Engage)

______ Question Five Explain one of the challenges each national leader faced in molding the future of his country: Gandhi Mandela Atatürk Khomeini (Exit)

______ Question Five Gandhi: partition into Pakistan and India Mandela: post-apartheid South Africa and how to create a multiethnic country Atatürk: westernization and becoming part of the West Khomeini: how to modernize and maintain the Shia culture (Exit)

Chapter Twenty-Three Capitalism and Culture Since 1945 C. E.

______ Question One Define Capitalism is an economic system in which a nation’s economic activities proceed without state interference and decisions on production, services, and trade are determined by economic actors for private, rather than state, benefit (Bell)

______ Question Two What factors encourage American businesses to move production to developing countries? American businesses move production to developing countries for less expensive labor, less expensive property, tax breaks, and fewer regulations, including environmental regulations and workplace regulations (Engage)

______ Question Three Do you believe America is currently an empire? Justify your answer. The United States began to exert power through imperialist ventures in the Philippines, Panama, and china. With the development and use of the atom bomb at the end of World War II, the United States solidified its position as world power (Tip)

______ Question Four What contributed to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism? Factors that gave strength to Islamic fundamentalism include awareness of the huge technological and economic gap between Islamic and European civilizations, the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire, and the creation of the Jewish state in Israel. Broader signs of Western cultural penetration also contributed to the growth of Islamic fundamentalism (HTS = Causation)

______ Question Five “We have to establish the Rule of God’s Religion in our own country first, and to make the Word of God supreme…. There is no doubt that the first battlefield for jihad is the extermination of these infidel leaders and to replace them by a complete Islamic Order. ” The Islamic Jihad leader’s arguments in the passage reflect which of the following developments of the twentieth century? (HTS = Interpretation)

______ Question Five A. B. C. D. The development of new cold war alliances The use of violence against Western nations The attacks on 9/11 More movements using violence against civilians to achieve political aims D (HTS = Interpretation)