BELLWORK pgs 175 178 1 How were foreign

BELLWORK (pgs. 175 -178) 1. How were foreign powers involved in the Latin American economies? 2. Describe the economic role of Latin America in the global economy. 3. List 5 ways the Latin American economies were impacted by the outbreak of WWI. 4. Describe the role of the U. S. in Latin America post -WWI. 5. THINKER: Why did Latin American countries declare war on Germany?

Involvement in the Americas • Bolivia: Severed relations with Germany - April 13, 1917 • Brazil: Severed relations with Germany - April 11, 1917 & Declared war on Germany - Oct 26, 1917 • Canada: Declared war on Germany (link to UK) – August 1914 • Costa Rica: Severed relations with Germany - Sept 21, 1917 & Declared war on Germany - May 23, 1918 • Cuba: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 • Ecuador: Severed relations with Germany - Dec 8, 1917 • Guatemala: Declared war on Germany - April 23, 1918 • Haiti: Declared war on Germany - July 12, 1918 • Honduras: Declared war on Germany - July 19, 1918 • Nicaragua: Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary - May 8, 1918 • Panama: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 & Declared war on Austria-Hungary - Dec 10, 1917 • Peru: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 6, 1917 • Uruguay: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 7, 1917

ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

• • WWI: Latin American Involvement Reasons for Involvement: • WWI disrupted markets for L. A. goods • and made it difficult to import necessary manufactured products – Threat of submarine warfare • • As a result, economy shifted from agriculture to manufacturing in order to produce these necessary goods Declines in price levels of Latin America’s exports encouraged a further growth in manufacturing – Encouraged by U. S. • Although manufacturing increased, industrialization was almost completely limited to light consumer good industries – High poverty remained • • • Impact of Involvement: The U. S. will emerge from WWI as the world’s principal industrial and financial power, and replaced England as the major source of foreign investments in Latin America Continuing the “big stick” and “dollar diplomacy” policies of their predecessors, the U. S. used armed intervention and economic pressure to expand U. S. control over the Caribbean area. By the end of the period, there was deep Latin American resentment of these strong-armed tactics Countries push for total economic and political independence

Brazilian Involvement in WWI

Economic Troubles • • Brazil initially adopted a neutral position in an attempt to maintain the markets for its export products, mainly coffee & latex These products were not considered essential by foreign consumers, customs duties and export fees (the main source of government income) so they decreased as the conflict continued. The problem increased with the German blockade of Allied ports, and then by a British ban on the importation of coffee in 1917. The British government now considered the cargo space on ships necessary for more vital goods, given the great losses of merchant ships as a result of German attacks.

From Neutrality to War • Relations between Brazil and the German Empire worsened when Germany announced their unrestricted submarine campaign – Rio Branco sunk! • On April 5, 1917, the large Brazilian steamship Paraná (4, 466 tons) was torpedoed and sunk • The ship was carrying coffee and traveled in accordance with the demands made on neutral countries • Three Brazilians were killed.

Protests • When news of the sinking broke out in Brazil, protests erupted • The protesters attacked shops and properties owned by Germans or their descendants – For example, the Hotel Schmidt (left), the Germany Society, the German newspaper (Deutsche Zeitung), the German school (Gesellschaft Germania) and German restaurants, houses, clubs and factories were all raided, looted and burned. • Protests also broke out from the anti-war side - unionists, pacifists, and anarchists

Diplomatic Consequences • April 11, 1917 Brazil broke diplomatic relations with Germany • May 20, 1917 the ship Tijuca was torpedoed near the French coast by a German submarine. In the following months, the Brazilian government seized 42 German merchant ships that were in Brazilian ports. • July 27, 1917 the steamer Lapa Brazil was hit by three torpedoes from a German submarine. • October 23, 1917 the Brazilian freighter Macau, one of the vessels seized in the course of the war, was torpedoed by the German submarine U-93 near the coast of Spain, and the captain taken prisoner.

Brazilian Involvement in WWI • October 26, 1917: the Brazilian President Venceslau Bras declared war against Germany • The only Latin American country to be directly involved in the war • The major participation was the Navy's patrol of areas of the Atlantic Ocean • Land operations limited to sergeants and officers who fought under Allied units (mainly French) in order to train them in modern techniques.

President Bras signing Brazil’s declaration of war (also pictured: Minister of External Affairs Nilo Pecanha and the governor of the Brazilian state Minas Gerias Delfim Moreira)

Brazilian Navy • The Secretary of Navy ordered the use of the naval fleet in an anti-submarine campaign • Ministerial Notice No. 501 (30 Jan 1918) established the Naval Division for War Operations (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra DNOG), composed of units drawn from the fleets that formed the Navy in Brazil. • The dreadnoughts Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo, and two scout cruisers, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were some of the major warships of the DNOG

Post-WWI Brazil • Brazil participated in the Versailles Peace Conference • One of the founding members of the League of Nations • Treaty allowed Brazil to keep 70 seized ships • Financially compensated by Germany for lost coffee shipments • Caused Brazil to move away from dependency on agriculture and develop industry

ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

WWI in the Americas: Canada vs. US vs. Brazil SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

Canada’s Role in WWI • How did Britain rely on Canada during WWI? How was this reliance demonstrated in the Imperial War Conference? • Providing troops to the allies on Western Front • Supplier of primary resources – – Wheat Lumber Meat Minerals • Ammunition production • Imperial War Conference (Jan. 1917): Britain expected more from dominions, but they wanted a change in political status

Review: Canadian Involvement • How did WWI change Canada’s political status? • How did it impact their relationship with England the U. S. ?

Review Venn Diagram: WWI in the Americas With regards to reasons for involvement in WWI, what do Canada, Brazil and the U. S. have in common?

Discussion • Group 1: Review Cuban involvement & similarities with Canada • Group 2: Review Canadian involvement & similarities with Brazil • Group 3: Review Brazilian involvement & similarities with Cuba

Discussion Patriotism was a common societal value during WWI. Do you think people are more/less patriotic today? Would citizens in modern America be willing to ration or buy bonds in the event of another war? Explain!

• • • WWI in the Americas Case Study: Cuba Effects of U. S. occupation: Yellow Fever Dependence on U. S. The rapid and huge influx of U. S. investment into sugar enabled the larger mills to buy surrounding land create monopolies Impoverished rural areas and peasants Slave-like conditions Mills imported cheap labor from other Caribbean islands (Jamaica & Haiti) Unemployment in agriculture created massive growth of cities (poor living conditions) Sugar monopolies controlled the railroads and used them for their own benefit By 1913, U. S. companies invested $200 million into sugar, which accounted for 1/5 of total U. S. investments in all of L. A.

2014 HOA Info…. . • • • Cuban Involvement Wkst due Thursday! Unit 3 Terms & Review This week: American involvement & start Russian Revolution Next week: Russian Revolution & Establishment of Communism NO CURRENT EVENT on May 6 th (tips for success IB forum in lecture hall – pds. 5 & 6) May 11 -13: End of WWI and Treaty of Versailles May 14 -15: Term Card work day & review May 18: Term Cards due! Review Jeopardy! May 20: Final exam!

2014 WWI Propaganda Project • Can be from the perspective of any country involved (include translations) • You are creating your own, NOT recreating someone else’s propaganda • Must be neat, legible, creative, and organized • It must be hand-drawn; NO computers • I am NOT grading on artistic ability, I am grading on your ability to understand the characteristics of propaganda and how they were used during WWI • This is worth 40 points and due Monday 4/28!

WWI PROPAGANDA