Bellringer 81814 answer in your notes Identify each

Bellringer (8/18/14) (answer in your notes) Identify each source as either primary or secondary. 1. The Constitution of the United States 2. The Zapruder Film (President Kennedy assassination tape) 3. A transcript of President Obama’s State of the Union address 4. Biography of President Bill Clinton 5. President Harry Truman’s autobiography

Today’s Class (8/18/14) • Outcome: • Students will be able to identify the difficulties faced by both Native Americans and British settlers after initial British colonization of North America. • Agenda: 1. Bellringer – Review Primary/Secondary Sources 2. The Beginnings of the United States 3. 3 -2 -1 Activity • 3 – learned, 2 – interesting, 1 – question

The Beginnings of the United States

Ancient Cultures in the Americas • It is estimated that the first Americans arrived as far back as 22, 000 years ago. • It is believed that these hunters trekked across the frozen land bridge between Asia and Alaska known as the Bering Strait.

From Hunting to Farming • Around 10, 000 years ago, the land bridge disappeared due to rising temperatures. This also caused the extinction of many large animals, thus forcing hunters to adapt to smaller game and gatherings nuts and berries. • Between 10, 000 and 5, 000 years ago, people began to plant crops in Mexico, thus leading to people settling down in an area as the practice spread through the Americas.

Complex Societies Form • The native groups that populated the U. S were very diverse. • Pueblo – lived in the dry southwest, made houses from stone and adobe (sundried brick), built massive earthen mounds, and grew corn, beans, melons, squash. • Iroquois – lived in the forested Northeast, hunted fish and game, relied on wild animals for food during harsh winter months.

Complex Societies Form • Many Native American cultures had common patterns of trade, attitude toward land use, religious beliefs, and social values. • Did not believe in trading land—would lead to conflict with property-oriented Europeans. • Basic unit of organization was the family – included aunts, uncles, cousins and extended family members.

European Leaders Look Abroad • During the 1400 s, the four major nations in Europe were Portugal, Spain, France and England. • In order to expand their power and wealth, European monarchs looked to expand their kingdom overseas. • European leaders sought to finance explorers’ trips in hopes of finding a quicker and safer route to Asia.

Questions 1. How did the Americas become inhabited by people? 2. Describe the views of Native Americans regarding land ownership. 3. What were the 3 most important factors (think motivations) why European explorers sought to travel the world?

Notes Part 2 • Outcome: • Be able to identify the difficulties faced by both Native Americans and British settlers during colonization of North America. • Be able to analyze a primary source by identifying important information within it. • Agenda: 1. The Beginnings of the United States 2. Primary Source – “Let People Stay In Their Own Country” Homework

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic • On August 3, 1492, a Spanish sailor named Christopher Columbus set sail westward for Asia from Spain. • In October 1492, Columbus’ fleet reached land in the Caribbean. • The effects of Columbus’ contact with the native populations would prove to be disastrous…

Columbus’ Impact on the World • Columbus’ success saw thousands more from Europe cross the Atlantic in order to gain wealth and begin anew. • While traveling between Europe and the Americas, many non-native plants and animals exchanged continents. • This transfer of living things is called the Columbian Exchange. • Americas to Europe/Africa/Asia: corn, peanut, potato, tomato, tobacco, vanilla, turkey • Europe/Africa/Asia to Americas: coffee bean, onion, bananas, grapes, livestock, and DISEASE.

The Columbian Exchange

Columbus’ Impact • Many Europeans had developed a system for colonization: rely on native or local people forced slavery. • Many of these native populations also carried no immunity to the diseases like measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, and typhus, which the Europeans brought to the “New World” • Millions of Native Americans lost their lives to disease • Columbus’ exploits would allow Spain to send conquistadors to conquer a large section of North America, called “New Spain” • Modern day Mexico, Guatemala, other lands in Central and South America

Britain Emerges as Power • In 1588, the English Navy defeated the Spanish Armada, leading to the end of Spain’s dominance over the Atlantic. • After the Armada’s defeat, England began colonizing the eastern shore of North America. • These ventures were funded by joint- stock corporations, companies that allowed investors to pool money together in hopes their colony would turn a profit. • The first permanent British settlement on North America was at Jamestown, Virginia. • Settled by the Virginia Company.

• Welcome back! • Submit your Indentured Servant homework to the white bin on the front table (NOT THE READING) • Video Monday • Notes • Jamestown Cannibalism • Beginning of Graphic Organizer for Early British Colonies 8/17/15

Jamestown Struggles • After being settled in 1607, Jamestown underwent a series of disastrous setbacks. • Hoping to find gold to satisfy their investors, Jamestown colonists neglected farming. • Disease from contaminated river water and starvation gripped the small colony. • By 1610, 80 -90% of Jamestown settlers had died due to starvation and disease.

John Smith’s Genius • John Smith, an English explorer, saw the weaknesses at Jamestown and addressed them by forcing the colonists to farm and cooperating with the native Powhatan people. • Smith’s leadership, combined with the arrival of new colonists and a high profitable crop, tobacco, helped to save Jamestown from disaster. • Harvesting tobacco, however, required a large supply of labor.

Meeting Labor Needs • In order to grow tobacco, the joint stock company needed field laborers. • To gather the necessary labor force, the Virginia Company offered 50 acres of land to “adventurers” who would pay their own way to Virginia. • To fill this labor need, the practice of indentured servitude was also utilized. • In exchange for passage to North America, food, and shelter, indentured servants agreed to a limited term of servitude—typically 4 -7 years. • Indentured servants were mainly from poor/lower-class families.

Economic Differences Split Virginia • Although indentured servants were eventually granted their freedom, many remained poor and could barely survive on the frontier of Virginia. • These farmers constantly fought with Native Americans over land. • Virginia governor William Berkeley offered to build forts to protect settlers, but settlers refused to pay taxes to maintain the forts. • Frustrated by poverty and lack of representatives in Virginia’s lawmaking body, former indentured servant Nathanial Bacon led a rebellion in 1676 against Jamestown’s colonial leaders. • Known as Bacon’s Rebellion, this uprising failed because Bacon died by fever and colonies began to use slave labor, eliminating the need for indentured servants.

Primary Source Analysis Activity • “Let People Stay in Their Own Country” • Reflection of indentured servant’s voyage to America.

• In this activity, you will follow along with the text as it covers information about the Jamestown Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony, New Netherland, and Pennsylvania. You will create and fill in a chart for each of these colonies. Settlers Leaders Motives for Settlement Relations with Native Americans 1. 3 Reading Activity