Bellringer 314 Complete and turn in your Europe
Bellringer 3/14 • Complete and turn in your Europe maps to the black bin. • If you are finished with the map, grab a book and answer questions 1 -20 on page 286. • ALL ANSWERS CAN BE FOUND IN THE BOOK SO DON’T ASK Mr. W!!!
Chapter 12 Physical Geography of Europe: The Peninsula of Peninsulas Because of its unique geography and weather patterns, Europe’s landscapes, waterways, and climates vary greatly.
Section 1: Landforms and Resources Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Section 3: Human-Environment Interaction
Section 1: Landforms and Resources • Europe is composed of many peninsulas and islands. • Europe’s landforms also include large plains and mountain ranges.
Section 1: Landforms and Resources Peninsulas and Islands Always Near the Water • Europe is a large peninsula of Asia - also has its own smaller peninsulas: a “peninsula of peninsulas” - most places are within 100 miles of the ocean or a sea
Continued Peninsulas and Islands Northern Peninsulas • The Scandinavian Peninsula includes Norway and Sweden - bounded by Norwegian, North, and Baltic Seas • Ice Age glaciers remove topsoil; leave thin, rocky soil • Glaciers create fjords in Norway - steep U-shaped valleys connected to sea, filled with seawater - provide harbors for fishing boats • Jutland Peninsula forms large part of Denmark, small part of Germany - gentle, rolling hills and swampy low areas
Mountains and Uplands Mountain Chains • The Alps is Europe’s most famous mountain chain - crosses France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Balkans - cuts Italy off from rest of Europe • Pyrenees block movement from France to Spain and Portugal • Apennine Mountains divide Italian Peninsula between east, west • Balkan Mountains block off peninsula, separate ethnic groups
Continued Mountains and Uplands • Uplands—hills or low mountains; may have mesas, high plateaus - some are eroded remains of mountain ranges • Uplands include Scandinavian Kjolen Mountains, Scottish Highlands - also Brittany in France and the Meseta plateau in Spain • Some uplands border mountainous areas - Central Uplands of Germany at base of Alps - Massif Central uplands in France
Rivers: Europe’s Links Moving People, Goods, Ideas • Network of rivers bring people, goods together - allows goods inland from coastal harbors, aids economic growth • Two major, castle-lined rivers have historically acted as highway - Rhine flows north 820 miles from interior to North Sea - Danube flows east 1, 771 miles, through 9 countries, to Black Sea • These and many other rivers connect Europeans - encourage trade and travel
Fertile Plains: Europe’s Bounty The Northern European Plain • One of the most fertile agricultural regions in world • Curves across France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Poland - flat agricultural land produces vast quantities of food • Flatness also has given invaders an open route into Europe • Other, smaller, fertile farming plains: - Sweden, Hungary, northern Italy’s Lombardy
Resources Shape Europe’s Economy Fueling Industrialization • Coal and iron ore are needed to create steel for industrialization - found in Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany, Poland • Major industrialized regions: - Ruhr Valley, Germany; parts of United Kingdom
Continued Resources Shape Europe’s Economy Energy • Oil, natural gas found in North Sea in 1959; offshore rigs in 1970 s - petroleum supplied by Norway, Netherlands, Britain Agricultural Land • 33% of Europe is suitable for agriculture; world average only 11%
Resources Shape Life Affecting All Parts of Life • Resources affect food, jobs, houses, even culture - for example, folk tales set in deep, dark forests of Old Europe • Distribution of resources creates regional differences - for fuel, Irish burn peat—partially decayed plant matter from bogs - Polish miners have worked coal mines for generations
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation • Much of Europe has a relatively mild climate because of ocean currents and warm winds. • Eastern Europe has a harsher climate because it is farther from the Atlantic Ocean.
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Westerly Winds Warm Europe A Mild Climate for a Northern Latitude • Marine west coast climate: warm summers, cool winters - Spain, France, Poland, British Isles, coastal Scandinavia • North Atlantic Drift—warm-water tropical current flows by west coast - prevailing westerlies carry current’s warmth, moisture inland • Alps’ high elevation creates colder climate, deep winter snows
Continued Westerly Winds Warm Europe Forests to Farms • Original mixed forests cleared for farming - grow grains, sugar beets, livestock feed, potatoes
Harsher Conditions Inland Not Reached by Westerly Winds • Humid continental climate: cold, snowy winters; warm or hot summers - Sweden, Finland, Romania; eastern Poland, Slovakia, Hungary • Adequate rainfall for agriculture • Heavy deforestation; surviving trees are mostly coniferous • Broad, fertile plains were once covered with grasses - today, wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets grow
The Sunny Mediterranean An Appealingly Mild Climate • Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers; mild, wet winters - Italy, Greece and southern Spain, France - mountain block cold north winds Special Winds • Mediterranean coast of France is not protected by mountains - mistral—a cold, dry winter wind from north • Sirocco—hot North African wind carries sea moisture or desert dust
Continued The Sunny Mediterranean The Climate Attracts Tourists • Vegetation is evergreen shrubs, short trees - major crops: citrus fruits, olives, grapes • Sunny beaches attract tourists
Land of the Midnight Sun Cold, Dark Winters • Tundra climate in far northern Scandinavia, along Arctic Circle - permafrost with no trees, only mosses, lichens • South of tundra is subarctic climate: cool with cold, harsh winters - little growth except stunted trees • Region’s sunlight varies sharply: long winter nights, summer days - area north of Arctic Circle the Land of the Midnight Sun - some winter days have no sun, some summer days have no night
Section 3: Human-Environment Interaction • The Dutch and the Venetians altered lands to fit their needs by constructing polders and canals. • Uncontrolled logging and acid rain destroy forests.
Section 3: Human-Environment Interaction Polders: Land from the Sea Creating Holland • “God created the world, but the Dutch created Holland” - to hold growing population, the Dutch reclaimed land from the sea - 40% of the Netherlands was once under water - dikes—earthen banks that hold back the sea - a polder—land reclaimed by diking and draining
Continued Polders: Land from the Seaworks • Seaworks—structures like dikes that control sea’s destructive force - terpen—high earthen platforms that provide safe ground during floods • In 1400 s windmills were used to power pumps that drained land - today the pumps are powered by electricity
Continued Polders: Land from the Sea Transforming the Sea • Zuider Zee—arm of North sea the Dutch turned into a fresh-water lake • Built dikes across entrance in early 1900 s - saltwater eventually replaced by fresh water • Project added hundreds of square miles of land to the Netherlands - lake is now called Ijsselmeer
Waterways for Commerce: Venice’s Canals An Island City Grows • City of Venice is made up of 120 islands - two of the largest are San Marco and Rialto • People, goods are moved by boat over 150 canals • City forms when people escaping invaders settled on lagoon islands - location at north end of Adriatic makes it a good trading port
Continued Waterways for Commerce: Venice’s Canals Building on the Islands • Builders sunk wooden pilings into swampy land to support buildings - oak forests in northern Italy and Slovenia were leveled for pilings - weight of buildings is compressing ground, so Venice is slowly sinking • Rising sea levels and removal of groundwater also cause sinking
Continued Waterways for Commerce: Venice’s Canals Problems Today • Severe water pollution - industrial waste, sewage, saltwater eat away foundations - erosion lets saltwater in, creates floods such as in 1966 • Agricultural runoff promotes “killer algae” growth - algae grow rapidly, die, decay; this uses up oxygen, so fish die - dead fish attract insects and create stench in warm weather
A Centuries-Old Problem: Deforestation The Demand for Wood • Huge areas of Europe fall prey to deforestation • Wood used for fuel, building material for ships, houses - industry needed wood charcoal for blast furnaces - eventually coal replaces wood, but damage to forests is done
Continued A Centuries-Old Problem: Deforestation Acid Rain Strips Forests • In 1960 s Germans notice Black Forest trees are discolored, dying - cause is acid rain • Factories produce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide emissions - combine with water vapor, create acid rain or snow - winds carry emissions to other areas, affecting one-fourth of forests • Scandinavia suffers heavily due to prevailing winds
Chapter 13 Human Geography of Europe: Diversity, Conflict, Union Over the millennia, Europe’s diverse landscape, waterways, and climate have hosted great civilizations, empires, and a variety of peoples.
Section 1: Mediterranean Europe Section 2: Western Europe Section 3: Northern Europe Section 4: Eastern Europe
Section 1: Mediterranean Europe • The ancient Greek and Roman civilizations and the Renaissance all began in Mediterranean Europe. • In the 20 th century, the region has seen economic growth and political turmoil.
Section 1: Mediterranean Europe A History of Ancient Glory Geographic Advantages Boost Civilization • Survival is easier in mild climate; institutions develop over time • Mediterranean allows trade; ideas spread, knowledge grows Greece: Birthplace of Democracy • People enter Balkan Peninsula around 2000 B. C. • City-state—a political unit made up of a city, surrounding lands • Athenian democracy—a government in which the people rule • Greece conquered by Macedonia’s Alexander in 338 B. C.
Continued A History of Ancient Glory The Roman Empire • Rome rules Italian Peninsula by 275 B. C. ; Iberia and Balkans later • Rome is a republic—elected representatives rule in citizens’ name • Christianity spreads from Palestine; is official religion by A. D. 400 • In A. D. 395 empire splits into eastern, western halves - Western Roman Empire weakens, falls A. D. 476 - Eastern Roman Empire lasts another 1, 000 years
Moving Toward Modern Times Italian City-States • Without strong central government, Italy divides into small states • Christians start Crusades in 1096 to regain Palestine from Muslims • Renaissance—renewed interest in learning, arts from 1300 s to 1500 s • In 1347, Asian bubonic plague reaches Italy, kills millions in Europe Spain’s Empire • North African Muslims conquer Iberian Peninsula in 700 s - retaken by Catholic rulers, Ferdinand Isabella, by 1492 • Spain, Portugal launch Age of Exploration, colonize Americas
A Rich Cultural Legacy Rome’s Cultural Legacy • Greek the language of the Byzantine Empire • Rome’s Latin spawns Romance languages Portuguese, Spanish, Italian • Two halves of Empire develop their own forms of Christianity - Eastern Orthodox: Greece - Roman Catholicism: Italy, Spain Centuries of Art • Ruins (like the Parthenon) remain in Greece, Italy • Spain has Roman aqueducts—carry water long distances - Spain also has Muslim mosques • Artistic legacy: classical statues, Renaissance art, modern art
Economic Change Agriculture to Industry • Mediterranean nations less industrialized • Economy once based on fish, crops (olives, grapes, citrus, wheat) • Changed in 20 th century: manufacturing, service industries growing • Greece, Portugal, Spain join European Union (EU) in 1980 s Economic Problems • Italy’s northern region is more developed than southern half • Mediterranean region poor in energy resources, relies on oil imports
Modern Mediterranean Life 20 th-Century Political Turmoil • After dictator Francisco Franco, Spain sets up constitutional government • After WWII, Italy became republic, but had many governments • Greece has also had political instability The Basques • Spain gives Basque region self-rule in late 1970 s - some Basques want full independence, use violence to fight for it City Growth • Move to cities for jobs creates housing, pollution, traffic problems • People hope to preserve historic cities
Section 2: Western Europe • France and the Germanic countries developed very different cultures. • These cultural differences led to conflicts that shaped the history of Western Europe.
Section 2: Western Europe A History of Cultural Divisions French and German Culture • France, Germany are region’s largest, most productive countries • They strongly influence the cultures of many nearby, smaller nations • French, German culture also strong in Benelux countries - Benelux countries—Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg Rome to Charlemagne • Rome conquered Celtic tribes, so French is a Romance language - didn’t conquer Germanic tribes, so Germanic languages still exist
Continued A History of Cultural Divisions Rome to Charlemagne • Germanic king Charlemagne conquers area in late 700 s - after his death, his empire falls into small, competing kingdoms The Reformation • In 1517, Martin Luther’s critical 95 statements launch Reformation - many Christians break from church, formed Protestant churches • Today France is mostly Catholic • Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany have Catholics and Protestants - most German Protestants live in north, Catholics in south
The Rise of Nation-States Nationalism • Feudalism—Middle Ages system where lords own most of the land • Lords give some land to nobles; strong kings gain power over lords • Nationalism develops—belief people should be loyal to their nation - nation is people who share land, culture, history • Nationalism leads to growth of nation-states; France is one of first • 1789 French Revolution deposes king, forms republic • Napoleon Bonaparte takes power, tries to conquer Europe, is defeated
Continued The Rise of Nation-States Nationalism • European nation-states become rivals - wars break out repeatedly between France and Germanic states - Germany unifies in 1871 • In 1800 s, industrialized nations seek colonies for materials, markets Modern Conflicts • Nationalistic rivalry, competition for colonies cause WWI - Allied Powers (France); Central Powers (Germany, Austria. Hungary) • Allied Powers win WWI; harsh terms forced on Germany lead to WWII
Continued The Rise of Nation-States Modern Conflicts • In WWII, Nazi Germany’s Adolf Hitler tries to conquer Europe - Nazis carry out Holocaust—mass murder of European Jews, others - Allies defeat Germany in 1945 • After WWII, Germany split into non-Communist West, Communist East • German capital of Berlin is split in half, divided by Berlin Wall • In 1989 anti-Communist reforms lead East Germany to open Berlin Wall - two Germanys reunite in 1990 as a democracy
Economics: Diversity and Luxury Agriculture to High-Tech • Agriculture important to Belgium, France, Netherlands, Switzerland • Coal, iron made France, Germany, Netherlands industrial leaders - today they have high-tech industries • Switzerland’s neutrality makes it a banking center Tourism and Luxury • Tourism is major part of French, Swiss, Austrian economies • German cars; Swiss watches; French clothes, food; Dutch flowers Economic Problems • Germany experiences cultural, economic difficulties after reuniting
Great Music and Art Music • Famed German and Austrian composers - Germany: Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven - Austria: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Painting • Dutch painters - Jan Van Eyck (from Flanders), Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt • Major French painters - Claude Monet, Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Pierre Auguste Renoir
Modern Life City Life • Strong economies allow high standard of living • Most Western Europeans live in cities - good public transportation, cultural attractions, low crime rates • Most homes are small, so socializing is done in public cafés, parks Recent Conflicts • In 1980 s “guest workers” from Yugoslavia, Turkey go to West Germany - declining economy leads to racism, violence against immigrants
Section 3: Northern Europe • The United Kingdom and the Nordic countries have seafaring histories that often led to conquest. • The region played a role in developing representative government and industry.
Section 3: Northern Europe A History of Seafaring Conquerors Early Conquerors • Nordic countries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden • Romans conquer Britain’s Celts by A. D. 80 - later, Germanic invaders push Celts north, west • Vikings invade Britain, sail to Iceland, Greenland, North America - other settlements in Normandy, France, and Russia • Normandy’s William the Conqueror invades Britain in 1066 - French-speaking Normans alter English language
Continued A History of Seafaring Conquerors Dreams of Empire • Denmark, Sweden, Norway become kingdoms in 900 s - no Nordic country becomes a major empire • England controls British Isles (Wales, Ireland, Scotland) - becomes United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 • British Empire grows due to island’s safety; never invaded after 1066 • By 1800 s, Britain has colonies in Americas, Asia, Africa, Oceania - “The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Moving Into the Modern Age Representative Government • Parliament—representative lawmaking body; members elected, appointed • Britain has monarchy and parliament, but rulers slowly lose power - 1215 Magna Carta: trial by jury, no taxation without representation - political ideas spread to U. S. , Canada, colonies • Nordic countries develop representative governments Industrial Revolution • As Britain industrializes, colonies supply materials, buy goods • In 1800 s Industrial Revolution spreads to Western Europe, U. S.
Continued Moving Into the Modern Age Since 1900 • After WWII, British colonies gain independence, experience turmoil The Irish Question • Protestant English rulers seize Catholic Irish land - many Irish left in poverty, starve in 1840 s potato famine • Irish seek independence, Britain splits country in 1921 - mostly Catholic Republic of Ireland becomes independent - mostly Protestant Northern Ireland still part of U. K. - religious conflict in Northern Ireland leads to anti-British violence
Economics: Diversity and Change Industry and Resources • Sweden and U. K. have strong vehicle, aerospace industries - produce paper and food products, pharmaceuticals • Sweden has timber, Iceland has fishing, Norway has North Sea oil High-Tech • Computer production is major part of Ireland’s economy • Scotland has Silicon Glen—area with many high-tech companies - produces at least a third of Europe’s personal, notebook computers Union or Independence? • Mixed feelings about European Union and euro—common currency
Cultural Similarities and Modern Art Increasing Diversity • Nordic nations usually have only one ethnic group - U. K. (London) more diverse Similar Languages and Religions • Germanic languages (except Sami in north; Celtic in parts of Britain) • Most of region is Protestant; Ireland is only mainly Catholic country Modern Culture and Literature • Great Britain, Ireland, Nordic countries have strong literary traditions - Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen - Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman - England: William Shakespeare, Charlotte Brontë - Irish author James Joyce
Life in Northern Europe Great Political Strides for Women • By the late 1990 s, most Nordic parliaments are about 1/3 women Social Welfare • Nordic countries, Britain have national health insurance programs Distinctive Customs • British afternoon tea, Swedish smorgasbord, Finnish saunas Leisure • In Nordic countries, outdoor sports are popular despite cold - home to many winter Olympic skiing sports • British have horseback riding, jumping, fox hunting - developed rugby and cricket
Section 4: Eastern Europe • Eastern Europe has great cultural diversity because many ethnic groups have settled there. • Many empires have controlled parts of the region, leaving it with little experience of selfrule.
Section 4: Eastern Europe History of a Cultural Crossroads Cultures Meet • Location between Asia and Europe shapes Eastern Europe’s history - migration creates diversity, empires delay independent nation-states • Area includes: - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland - Czech Republic, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia • Cultural crossroads—place where various cultures cross paths - people move through the region, world powers try to control it
Continued History of a Cultural Crossroads Empires and Kingdoms • Rome holds Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary - later held by Byzantine Empire, then Ottoman Empire in 1300 s, 1400 s • Slavs move in from 400 s to 600 s; Polish, Serbian kingdoms form - non-Slavic Magyars take Hungary in 800 s; later conquered by Ottomans • Austria becomes great power in 1400 s, takes Hungary from Ottomans - in late 1700 s, Austria, Prussia, Russia divide up Poland
Turmoil in the 20 th Century War after War • Balkan nations break from Ottoman Empire in 1908 - Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia defeat Ottomans in 1912 - Balkanization—a region breaks up into small, hostile units • Slavic Serbia wants to free Austria-Hungarian Slavs - Serb assassin kills Austrian noble, starts WWI
Continued Turmoil in the 20 th Century War after War • After war, Austria and Hungary split - Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia gain independence • Germany takes Poland in 1939, starts WWII - Soviets capture, dominate Eastern European nations - they become Communist USSR’s satellite nations
Recent Changes • In late 1980 s, USSR has economic problems, Gorbachev makes reforms - Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania remove communism in 1989 • After communism comes instability, return to ethnic loyalties - Yugoslavia violently divides - Czechoslovakia splits: Czech Republic, Slovakia
Developing the Economy Industry • Under communism, government owns and controls factories - inefficient system brings shortages, trade deficiencies, pollution • After 1989, region tries market economy—making goods consumers want - factories are privately owned, but inflation, unemployment rise • Cost cutting and improved production help some economies grow Lingering Problems • Albania has old equipment, lack of materials, few educated workers • Romanians lack money to invest; government owns some industries
A Patchwork Culture Cultural Diversity • Numerous languages make regional unification difficult • Religions include Catholicism (Roman); Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine) - Protestant minority; Islam from Ottoman Empire • Holocaust kills 6 million Jews, half of them from Poland Folk Art • Folk art is produced by rural people with traditional lifestyles - pottery, woodcarving, traditional costumes • Folk music influences Frédéric Chopin (Polish), Anton Dvorák (Czech)
Moving Toward Modern Life Less Urban Development • Large cities include 1, 000 -year-old Prague in Czech Republic • Most of region has fewer urban residents than rest of Europe - only 40% in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 37% in Albania live in cities • Cities will grow as industry develops - so will pollution, traffic, housing problems Conflict • Fierce loyalty to ethnic groups leads to violence - many Serbs hate Croats for WWII collaboration with Nazis
Continued Moving Toward Modern Life Conflict • Discrimination against minority groups - anti-Semitism—discrimination against Jewish people - discrimination against nomadic Romany (Gypsy) people Democracy • Eastern Europeans must overcome old hatreds • Unlike past dictators, officials must obey the rule of the law - in 2000, Yugoslavs force out a dictator who lost the election
Chapter 14 Notes: Today’s Issues of Europe
Section 1: Turmoil in the Balkans • DON’T WRITE • The Balkans has many different religions & races in a confined space.
Section 1: Turmoil in the Balkans • DON’T WRITE • Used to be one country (Yugoslavia), divided into 6 republics – Now 5 countries
Section 1: Turmoil in the Balkans • Ethnic Cleansing- trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence – DON’T WRITE – Slobodan Milosevic- Serbia’s leader who tried to get rid of Bosnia’s Muslims & Croats
Section 2: Cleaning Up Europe • Sources of Water Pollution – Industry – Sewage – Chemical Fertilizers – Oil Spills
Section 2: Cleaning Up Europe • Sources of Air Pollution– Using Fossil Fuels • Smog • Ozone – Fires – Chemical Use – Industry
Section 2: Cleaning Up Europe • Smog- brown haze that occurs when the gases that are released by burning fossil fuels reacts with sunlight & forms harmful chemicals.
Section 2: Cleaning Up Europe • Ozone- harmful form of oxygen that causes health problems – Chemical found in Smog
• European Union- Post WWII idea began as a trade agreement between a few countries – Grew to idea of community, unify continent so war could no longer tear the continent apart – Goals: Conflict resolution and economic development (compete with USA) – United States of Europe? Problems with that?
• Euro- the currency of the member states of the European Union
So what is the EU? Has its own parliament (786 members), bill of rights, court system, currency, flag, anthem, army (Rapid Reaction Force) Employs 30, 000 people and follows 80, 000 page legal code/regulations
Objectives of the EU • Establish European citizenship • Ensure freedom, security and justice • Promote economic and social progress • Assert Europe’s role in the world
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