Bellringer 1014 and 1017 1 Take out your

Bellringer: 10/14 and 10/17 � 1. Take out your Hinduism worksheet from last class. You will get 10 minutes at the start of the block to complete this. � 2. Update your To. C: ◦ Page 32: Notes: Classical India � 3. Write down your HW: ◦ Begin studying for your World Religions quiz (on 10/20 for 1 st, 2 nd and 10/21 for 6 th)

Classical India Ms. Allen World History I – 2015 -16

Where is India? • Ancient India is different than modern India (territory -wise) • Ancient India = made up of 3 modern-day countries: • 1. India • 2. Pakistan • 3. Bangladesh • India is considered a subcontinent of Asia Bangladesh

Recap: Indian Civilization Begins � Indian civilization begins in the river valleys ◦ Recap: Why river valleys? � Look at map: What rivers are in India? ◦ Indus River ◦ Ganges River � First civilizations in India along these two rivers

Recap: Indian Civ. Begins � By 2500 B. C. : First major cities in ancient India are being built ◦ Same time as Egyptian pyramids were built � Along Indus River = two largest early Indian cities were: ◦ 1. Harappa ◦ 2. Mohenjo-Daro

India’s First Cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro � � Large, well-planned cities Key characteristics: ◦ Streets and buildings laid out in a grid ◦ Fortified area called a citadel ◦ Separate residential areas of town ◦ Buildings made of ovenbaked bricks ◦ Sophisticated plumbing and sewage system within the city

The Aryan Invasion of India � Around 1500 B. C. : Aryans cross Hindu Kush and migrate into India ◦ Comes at the same time as Indus culture is dying � Result of this invasion? : Aryans dominate the people already living in India � Who were the Aryans? ◦ Aryans = taller, lighter skinned ◦ Spoke a different language than the people already living in India

The caste system influenced your entire life! � Varna (skin color) determined a lot in Aryan society � People = born into your class ◦ You CANNOT get out of it, no matter what you do! � Your caste determined what job you would do for life ◦ It determined who you could marry ◦ It determined who you could hang out with Link 1 Link 2 Body part of your caste is linked to the type of work you do and the dignity attached to that type of work.

Aryan Domination in India The Aryans = totally dominate the people already living in India � Installed caste system � ◦ Purpose of this caste system? To divide people into classes � What did the classes look like in Aryan India? ◦ Top classes = made up of Aryans ◦ Bottom classes = native Indians

So, what does each caste do in society? � Highest class: Brahmins (Priests) � 2 nd-highest class: Kshatryias (Warriors) � Middle class: Vaishyas (Merchants) � Lower-class: Sudras(Peasants) � Untouchables: People out of caste system ◦ Unmentionable people

Introducing the Mauryan Empire � Mauryan Empire = first official empire in India ◦ Happens about 1000 years after the first Aryans entered India � How does the Mauryan Empire begin? ◦ Chandragupta Maurya defeated a Greek army that had invaded India �Maurya = starts Mauryan Empire (named after him) ◦ By 303 B. C. : Chandragupta Maurya set up the Mauryan Empire across northern India

Introducing the Mauryan Empire � Chandragupta Maurya dies and his son took over ◦ Continues to expand the empire by unifying areas under his control � Upon the son’s death, Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson, Asoka assumed the throne.

Geography of Mauryan Empire � Mauryan Empire united Indian subcontinent ◦ Ganges and Indus Rivers ◦ Up to the Himalaya and Hindu-Kush Mountains

Religion of the Mauryan Empire � Mainly Hinduism � Eventually Buddhism becomes popular ◦ Asoka (a king) spread Buddhism through missionaries

Religion under Gupta Empire: Hinduism � About Hinduism: ◦ Probably the oldest religion in the world ◦ Almost 1 billion people are Hindus today � 80% of India is Hindu � Because so many Indians are Hindu, it is an important part of Indian history and culture

Religion in the Mauryan Empire: About Buddhism A major religion founded in India ◦ Hinduism is another � Founded around 400 s B. C. by Siddhartha Gautama � � Spread of Buddhism: ◦ Spread from India to China, the rest of the Asia and the world by Asoka’s missionaries

Beliefs of Buddhism: � Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha- “enlightened one”) � Key beliefs: ◦ Four Noble Truths ◦ Eightfold Path to Enlightenment � Path leads to Nirvana (a release from selfishness and pain) � Eightfold Path Enlightenment Nirvana = GOAL for Hindus

Achievements under Mauryan: � Under Chandragupta ◦ United India ◦ Strong bureaucracy � Under Ashoka ◦ Religious tolerance ◦ Built roads, free hospitals, hotels ◦ Animal rights/vet hospitals ◦ Concerned with the environment

Ashoka says:

Political under Mauryan � Chandragupta established a dynasty (used bureaucracy) ◦ Bureaucracy helped run the government � Ashoka ◦ Became a non-violent Buddhist ◦ Used gov. to care for his people rather than gain wealth or power = people like him ◦ Bad news? �No strong ruler follows him Mauryan empire falls

More Political: Mauryan � People liked Ashoka ◦ Good ruler, but weakened the government ◦ No strong ruler followed him ◦ Empire fell apart

Economic: Mauryan � Very heavy taxes to pay for the army and public works � Political centralization opens India to trade with China and Persia

Social � Social classes existed (caste system) � Different jobs � Urged tolerance

The Gupta Empires Rises Ashoka dies the Mauryan Empire fell apart ◦ No strong leader to take his place! � 500 years of invasion and instability in India follow Ashoka’s death � By 320 A. D. : Chandra Gupta (not Chandragupta Maurya) forms the 2 nd great empire in India � Called the GUPTA � EMPIRE Gupta Empire = in NORTHERN India

Geography – mostly northern, middle of Indian subcontinent

Religion � Primarily Hinduism � Some Buddhism

Achievements � The Golden Age of India Gupta = Golden! • Develop astronomy, advanced math (the numbers you use), calendar

Achievements � Indian culture flourished and expanded like never before under Gupta Empire � Contributions include: ◦ Math = concept of zero, mod. #s ◦ Medicine = set broken bones, nose surgery ◦ Astronomy = proved Earth round 1000 years before Columbus ◦ Textiles = silk and cloth ◦ Literature = poetry, plays, dances

Political � Gupta kings used marriage (and military strength) to create an empire � Last strong king declines in 415 CE, empire starts to collapse � In the 500 s CE, invaders “without settled homes” attack India

Economic � Very rich empire (but only the kings got rich) � Invented banking � LOTS of trade ◦ Able to trade due to military victories, marriage alliances

Social � Life centered in small villages � Different occupations, different classes (caste system still here) � Division N/S India: ◦ North – patriarchal ◦ South – some were matriarchal

Beliefs of Hinduism: � � � Dates back to 3000 B. C. Blend of beliefs and traditions ◦ Combines Pre-Aryan + Aryan India beliefs Polytheistic (technically) ◦ Only “one” god, but it came in many forms responsible for different things Key beliefs: ◦ Reincarnation: rebirth (based on karma) ◦ Karma: All thoughts and actions result in consequences Holy text: Vedas and Upanishads (Hindu sacred writings) Hinduism spread via major trade routes