Bell Telephone Laboratory ca 1955 A Systems Perspective
• Bell Telephone Laboratory, ca. 1955 A Systems Perspective for Managing Commercial Portfolios of Research and Technology for the Solar Industry J. M. Morabito - Sr. Director, Bell Labs Fellow, Chief Technology Office (CTO) February 2012 COPYRIGHT © 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Presentation Objectives • Present a framework, proven in other high-technology industries, for assessing the opportunities, required resources, and complex, interrelated bottlenecks facing the solar industry and its role in building a Global Knowledge Society. • Demonstrate how this framework can be applied to maximize solar industry value creation and its contribution to Sustainable Development. Sustainable development is in itself a “killer application, ” and A major driver of the innovation necessary to achieve sustainability and a Global Knowledge Society Sustainability will require limits on consumption but not Knowledge and a new focus on human well being and purpose as indicators of growth COPYRIGHT © 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Solar Industry Structural Evolution • Industrial strategy is about structural evolution and market positioning to secure a sustainable competitive advantage. Successful strategy for the U. S. Solar Industry, will be determined by actions of multiple factors, economic conditions, policies and programs. Anticipating/envisioning the Solar Industry’s likely evolution and supporting actions can secure a sustainable competitive advantage. • Ultimately, the Solar Industry will dwarf the Information, Communications Digital Technologies (ICT) industry, but the Solar Industry can benefit and learn from these industries’ characteristics: Supporting structures for long-term growth, sustained profitability, & collective response to environmental, regulatory and other challenges Global supply chains linked by industry-wide technology roadmaps, industry & environmental standards, manufacturing diagnostics, & other collective dependencies that accelerate technology transfer, reduce cost, & facilitate innovation. • Need to explore, in collaboration with all stakeholders, how best to nurture and develop a supportive and collaborative Solar Industry. COPYRIGHT © 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Value Migration 1800 to 2050 will be remembered as a period of intense technological expansion that fundamentally increased humankind’s ability to extract and harness energy. Economy Economic Drivers Infrastructure Economic Indicators Environmental Protection Agrarian (before 1800) Land Crops Dirt roads and couriers on horseback Commodity prices No Industrial Revolution (1800 -1900) Cheap steel, coal, textiles Railroads, shipping, telegraph, steam engine Coal and pig iron production, cotton consumption, railroad operating income No Mass Production (1900 -1980) Cheap energy, especially oil Highways, airports, telephones, broadcasting, electric power grid Retail sales, auto sales, housing starts, industrial production, capacity utilization Command control development of strict federal regulations Technology/ Information (1980 - 2010) Ever cheaper semiconductors and photonics, R&D programs, rapid technology change, knowledge/ software, direct electronic access Satellites, fiber optics, networks, wireless, distributed power Worldwide web/the internet Book to bill ratio, computer sales, deflation in high tech prices, power value, high tech, trade balance, employment in knowledge intensive Industries Pollution prevention, industrial ecology, international standards (ISO), renewable energy 4 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Value Migration 1800 to 2050 will be remembered as a period of intense technological expansion that fundamentally increased humankind’s ability to extract and harness energy. Economy Sustainable Energy/ Information Intensity Era (post 2010) Convergence of Electric Power and Information Technology, i. e. , the Digital Economy of the Global Knowledge Society Economic Drivers Transition from EXTRACTION based technology to SUSTAINABLE technology. Costs; Capital; Competition/ Cooperation; China; Consumers; Climate Carrying Capacity; Convergence Infrastructure Economic Indicators Computer Mediated (Smart) Advanced Communication Networks. Global Electrification Electronically linked devices such as sensors, activators, processors, cameras, etc. that communicate interactively with minimum human intervention over Networks. Employment in clean energy technologies Global population stabilization Efficient systems for utility grids, traffic management, food distribution, water conservation, and health care Smart Grid, i. e. , the Energy Internet. 5 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012 Environmental Protection Sustainability Air and water quality Biodiversity Forestation Carbon Tax Eco incentives Renewable Portfolio Standards & Fuel Efficiency Standards (i. e. , CAFE) Transnational Agreements
Features of the Sustainable Energy/Information Intensity New Economy and Digital Technology of the Global Knowledge Society New Economy • It’s global • It’s networked • It’s based on information • It decentralizes power • It rewards openness • It’s specialized, i. e. , mass customization Information, Communications, Digital Technologies (ICT) Portfolio • Processors • Advanced wireless and optical communication links • Sensors • Actuators • Renewable Energy/Advanced Storage Technologies • New materials, for example, nanotechnologies, carbon nanotube, graphene, room temperature superconductivity, etc. 6 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Population & Economic Growth The technological advances of this era have enabled modern economies and the human population to grow rapidly. World Population World Industrial Production 6 Total Industrial production 5 4 200 3 2 industrial production/capita 1 100 0 BC 400 BC 200 AD 1 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1975 1993 2000 World Population (Billions) 300 Index (1963 = 100) Year 1930 7 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012 1950 1970 1990
Environmental Impact The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts an annual average 1. 5% growth in CO 2 emission levels (based on projected Kaya factors) through 2035, representing a 49% increase in 2008 levels. Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Atmosphere Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy (Million Metric Tons) 33000 380 Parts per million by volume 31000 29000 360 27000 Actual atmospheric measurements 340 25000 23000 21000 320 19000 Source: www. eia. gov 300 17000 Sources: L. Machta; T. A. Boden 15000 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1985 8 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Computational Learning Curve The Global Knowledge Society Source: R. Kurzweil, “The Singularity is Near” 9 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Effect of Electrification on Birth Rate and Income • About one quarter of the human race lives today without access (Inclusion Gap) to modern energy services, Information and Communications Digital Technologies (ICT). • This energy and ICT Inclusion Gap tends to be greatest in those regions where population is growing most rapidly and would offer the greatest benefits. 10 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Effect of Electrification on Birth Rate and Income Source: gapminder. org, Effect of Electrification on Birth Rate and Income 11 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
The Sustainability Challenge to the Global Knowledge Society Improving access to electricity and Information, Communications Digital Technologies (ICT) must play a central role in managing sustainable growth because: • Electricity allows for diversity in primary energy supply, yet is an intrinsically clean energy carrier. • It is generated at 60/50 Hz. , but can be converted to any frequency in the spectrum: infrared, ultraviolet, and microwave. • Electric services and ICT enable the modern technological innovation essential to human opportunity. • Application of ICT will enable carbon emission reduction five times the size of the sectors own carbon footprint (Source: Smart 2020 Report), i. e. , Decarbonization. • Application of ICT would replace goods and services with virtual equivalence and also provide technology to enable energy efficiency in key opportunity areas – travel/transport, buildings, electric grids and industry systems, i. e. , Dematerialization. • Sustainability will require limits on consumption and a new focus on human well being and purpose as indicators of growth. • Sustainability is defined as living in harmony with each other and our planet by experiencing freedom and prosperity on a global level. 12 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Kaya Identity Where: C= CO 2 emissions [metric tons] E= Total Energy consumption [BTU] Y= Economic activity [$] P= Population [persons] An d: C/E= CO 2 Intensity of Energy [Metric tons/BTU] E/Y= Energy Intensity [BTU/$] Y/P= Economic Intensity = Per Capita GDP [$/person] • First described by Y. Kaya in a paper submitted to the IPCC Energy & Industry Subgroup, Paris, 1990. • Numerical example: 2008 World Data (Source: US Energy Information Administration, www. EIA. gov) 13 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Global Environmental Dilemma: Projected (2008 -2035) CO 2 Emission Levels and Associated Kaya Factors (World) Change in CO 2 Emissions = Change in CO 2 Intensity + Change in Energy Intensity + Change in Per Capita GDP + Change in Population +1. 5% = -0. 2% + -1. 8% + +2. 6% + +0. 9% • The US Energy Information Agency (www. eia. gov) projects an ~1. 5% average annual percent increase in world CO 2 emissions based on the above projected average annual percent changes for the 4 Kaya factors, through 2035. • Projection: 49% increase in 2008 world CO 2 emission levels by 2035. • Most significant driver of growth in CO 2 emissions is economic output per capita (Y/P). Governments generally pursue policies that increase Y/P. • Population growth (P) is projected to increase everywhere except Japan & Russia. • Energy Intensity (E/Y) is generally indicative of energy efficiency. • CO 2 Intensity (C/E) is indicative of regional fuel source mix (renewables). 14 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012 Opportunity for Technology
"Enabling Effect" of the ICT Industry: Projected Reductions in World Emissions (2008 -2035) by ICT Enabled Innovations • 7. 8 Gt. CO 2 e of ICT-enabled abatements are possible out of the total BAU emissions in 2020 (51. 9 Gt. CO 2 e) • The SMART opportunities including dematerialisation were analysed in depth The Climate Group Report: “Smart 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age”, page 30, 2008 15 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
"Enabling Effect" of the ICT Industry: Projected Reductions in World Emissions (2008 -2035) by ICT Enabled Innovations Baseline/Current EIA Projection • The projected annual average percent change (reduction) in the revised C/Y Kaya factor (through 2035) is computed to be ~-3. 5% for the most optimistic ICT benefit (i. e. , Smart 2020 Report). • Using an equivalent 3 -factor form of the differential Kaya relation and the current EIA projections (2008 -2035) for annual average Per Capita Economic Activity (Y/P) growth (+2. 6%) and Population (P) growth (+0. 9%), yields a revised prediction of CO 2 emission growth through 2035. . . 16 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Predicted Annual Average Growth (2008 -2035) in World CO 2 Emissions Including Beneficial "Enabling Effect" of ICT Change in CO 2 Emissions = Change in CO 2 Intensit y Change in CO 2 Emissions = ~0% = + + Change in Per Capita GDP + Change in Population Change in CO 2 Intensity of Economy + Change in Per Capita GDP + Change in Population -3. 5% + +2. 6% + +0. 9% Change in Energy Intensity 4 -factor Kaya Identity Equivalent 3 -factor Kaya Identity Opportunity for Technology • Assuming the most optimistic predicted benefits due to the “enabling effect” of the ICT industry is realized, the differential form of the Kaya identity indicates essentially no (~0%) growth or increase in world CO 2 emissions (relative to 2008 levels) through 2035. • This no growth/increase result is in contrast to the current EIA projection of a 49% growth/increase in world CO 2 emission levels by 2035 (relative to 2008). 17 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
The Role of Renewables in the ICT “Enabling Effect” • Maximizing benefits and speed of market adoption of “Dematerialization & Smart Solutions”, enabled by the ICT industry, should be a focus of global technology development & innovation to mitigate CO 2 emission levels. • ICT is central to Energy Internet/Smart Grid that: • Enable higher renewable energy market penetration (developed countries) • Build demand for distributed generation based on ICT applications – telemedicine, entertainment, education, e-banking, …. (developing world) • All scenarios predicting significant beneficial ICT “enabling effects” assume a 10 X-50 X increase in solar/PV electrical generating by 2035. • Realizing the full potential of the ICT “enabling effect” depends, in part, on a rapidly accelerated development of the solar/PV industry. • Need to explore, in collaboration with all stakeholders, how best to nurture and develop supportive & collaborative Solar Industry. • Decisions made today will impact the efficiency, sustainability, & profitability of a Global Solar Industry over the next 10, 20, 50 years — as well as determine which countries will be its leaders, e. g. China, Japan, USA, Germany, Spain…. 18 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
A Tool to Understand, Integrate and Evaluate Think of the portfolio of project activities at the system level as an interconnected set of functions that reinforce each other. Examine and understand the linkages and interactions between elements that comprise the entirety of the Solar Industry development system. • Systems thinking shows how events that are separated in distance and time can interact and how the rules of the system drive system behavior. • Small catalytic events, especially ones that change the rules, can cause large changes in complex systems. A goal of Systems Thinking is identifying “leverage” -- seeing where actions and changes lead to sustainable improvement. 19 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Systems Thinking (Senge Diagram) Representation of the Compliance Activity and its effect on Alcatel-Lucent Value Growth New Products delay ALU Business Design ALU Value Growth Shareholder Value References: The Fifth Discipline – Senge Clockspeed – Fine Theory of Constraints – Goldratt Technology Integration – Lansiti The Innovator’s Solution – Christensen Six Degrees Watts Gov’t & customer requirements Value creation by management of centralized Global Compliance assets and achievement of best-in -class value creates sustainable superior shareholder value. delay ALU Supply Line Design Compliance Activity Competitive Advantage Product Development Interval Compliance Process Innovation Operational Efficiency 20 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012 Investment Strategy delay
Senge Diagram — Representation of System-Focused Solar Industry Development Unanticipated & Expanding Applications Bottlenecks: Performance-Cost Improvement Manufacturing Capacity/ Deployment Velocity Supply-Chain Design Market Conditioning delay Sustainable Profit delay Market Growth SEPA SEMI ISES ISGAN etc. SEIA EPVIA National and International Policy Market Supply-Chain Transformation Sustainable Development Global Solar Industry Supply-Chain Industry Value Consortium Creation Manufacturing Scale-up Innovation Technology Innovation delay Public & Private Investments Energy Internet Accelerate Competitive Advantage National Labs Industry & Universities “Smart Grid” Infrastructure Development Break-Through Technology Transfer Global Supply-Chain Design Innovative R&D Portfolio Mgt Energy Policy Analysis delay RE Portfolio Standards Investment Tax Credits Feed-In Tariffs Carbon Taxes Industrial Policy Analysis: IPCC IEA DOE CEC EPRI EC Other Bottlenecks: Meters & Sensors Grid Interconnection Inflexible T&D Transmission Siting Transmission Access Lack of Storage Sunk Costs 21 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21
Key Takeaways The world has not yet reached an equilibrium point in terms of population, economic growth, or environmental impact that can be called “Sustainable”, i. e. , The balancing of human activity with the earth’s Carrying Capacity and living in harmony with each other and our planet by experiencing freedom and prosperity on a global level. We have the paradox of a unified global economy but divided global society which pose the single greatest threat to the planet because it makes difficult the cooperation needed to address the remaining challenges. The developed world has reached a critical point at which its future economic, environmental, and social health depends upon increasing the rest of the world’s access to clean, cost-effective energy, Information and Communications Digital Technologies (ICT). Sustainability is defined as living in harmony with each other and our planet by experiencing freedom and prosperity on a global level. Sustainable development is in itself a “killer application” and a major driver of the transition to the sustainable energy/information intensity economic era and the stabilization of GHG emissions. Electrification is the foundation for a global sustainable development strategy. 22 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
Senge Diagram — Representation of System-Focused Solar Industry Development Unanticipated & Expanding Applications Bottlenecks: Performance-Cost Improvement Manufacturing Capacity/ Deployment Velocity Supply-Chain Design Market Conditioning delay Sustainable Profit delay SEIA EPVIA National and International Market Policy Supply-Chain Transformation Sustainable Development Solar Industry Global Solar Supply-Chain Energy Industry Value Consortium Internet Creation Market Growth SEPA SEMI ISES ISGAN etc. Manufacturing Scale-up Innovation Technology Innovation delay Public & Private Investments Accelerate Competitive Advantage National Labs Industry & Universities “Smart Grid” Infrastructure Development Break-Through Technology Transfer Global Supply-Chain Design Innovative R&D Portfolio Mgt Energy Policy Analysis delay RE Portfolio Standards Investment Tax Credits Feed-In Tariffs Carbon Taxes Industrial Policy Analysis: IPCC IEA DOE CEC EPRI EC Other Bottlenecks: Meters & Sensors Grid Interconnection Inflexible T&D Transmission Siting Transmission Access Lack of Storage Sunk Costs 23 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23
Technology Life Cycle Factors, Another View High Future Emerging $1, 785/W, 1955 Wide-Application 2008 Wide Application? Legacy Availability Value Competition based on Product Innovation Competition based on Value-Chain (Supply Chain) Innovation Cost Risk Low 1990 Early Emerging Phase Time 24 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Supply Chains • PV is being pulled into supply chain competition Players, particularly in Asia, know supply chain and manufacturing competition well and see it as a competitive advantage Can manufacturing investments adapt quickly and cheaply to innovations still in the pipeline, particularly in optics – AR coatings, light trapping, and concentrators? Is the transition premature? • Competition increasingly about cost, volume, scale • Addresses PV as bulk commodity – cells and modules at lowest cost based on combinations of performance and life • Facilitates high value applications, but does not create them • Absolutely necessary, but not sufficient, for PV to become a major energy source 25 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Energy Internet • Smart Grid is Key, but Energy Internet Goes Beyond Electricity • Development Will Benefit from Network Effects: Each additional participant increases value to all participants First to market with compelling applications for utilities, consumers, businesses has advantage in setting standards and expectations • Will Be Different Where There is No Grid or Weak Grid Opportunity to leapfrog past centralized systems to distributed systems Closely tied to suitability for powering high value end use applications PV has potential to ride network effects of applications it can support, just as RAM and ICs in general ride network effects of Internet, cell phone applications, and expansion of computing power Every new connection to an antique grid is a lost opportunity • In Developed World Sunk Costs and Current Infrastructure Create Different Challenges 26 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Smart Grid and Network Effects: Some Possibilities • PV will remain interesting where and if it can participate in network effects, based on its attributes alone or in combination with other technologies. • Most of the network benefits are indirect for PV, but the more central PV is to the package, the greater the potential. Flexible, adaptive grids removing the 20% penetration barrier, where network participation makes more intermittent resources possible. Virtual utilities of dispersed generation and storage tied together with software and communications. Disrupting centralized models, serving the unserved in developing countries with more than electricity tele medicine, tele banking, tele commerce, tele education, tele government. more responsive to bandwidth extension married to electricity than extension of raw power Virtual environmental performance, delivering and accounting for clean energy on a real time basis to increase its value and availability. 27 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sustainability – The “Killer Application” for PV and Other Renewables…. Or Not • Ultimately sustainability is the rationale for PV and other renewable energy – otherwise fossil fuels could power the world economy, even with billions of new people, for many decades. • There is a physical aspect to sustainability. There is a political aspect to sustainability. If the two do not connect, effectively, sustainability will only be a weak or non existent leverage point for PV and other renewable energy. • Sustainability does imply limits to consumption, but not limits to growth. There are no growth limits on Knowledge. • Unlike other “killer applications” sustainability depends on people acting as a community to choose what is best for the future, rather than acting alone to choose what is easiest for themselves. • Innovation is the best option for advancing sustainability. People who denied the decline in whales for whale oil in the 19 th century and continued to invest in whaling ships went bankrupt. People who developed petroleum as a substitute and then found new uses for it beyond making lamp oil became billionaires. People who despaired of finding more whales to light their lamps ended up buying kerosene from the new petroleum barons. 28 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
• This century’s most important lesson will be the value of Humility, Humanity, and Harmony in creating Global Knowledge Societies live in Harmony with each other and our planet by experiencing freedom and prosperity on a global level. • We express Humility, Humanity, and Harmony by respecting people (Tolerance) who are different from us and by respecting the environment which we so critically depend upon. • The more we gain insight into the mysterious forces, cosmic and atomic, that are the universe, the more reason we have to be Humble and see there will always be things beyond our comprehension. The more we harness the huge power of these forces, the more Humility becomes an imperative; now that our ability to destroy ourselves is greater than our ability to understand ourselves. “Humility is nothing more than a man seeing himself as he truly is……. Any man who can see himself as he truly is……. . must surely be Humble indeed. ” The Cloud of Unknowing, and Joseph Morabito, 2011 29 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
African Proverb If you want to go fast, go alone… But if you want to go far, go together! Gl Ind obal ust Sol a Cre ry Va r atio lue n Na t Int ional e a Ins rnatio nd titu nal tio ns Inn ova tio n Sta te an L Pol ocal d i Inn cies ova & tio ns Int Pol ernat i Inn icy & onal ova tio n Ma “Sm Inf art G r De astru rid” vel opm cture ent rke t. S Tra Cha uppl y nsf in orm atio n 30 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30
Conclusions • Global access to reliable, affordable electricity is essential to insuring sustainable economic growth, protecting environmental assets and improving global health and prosperity • Global electrification will require a combination of innovative new policies, finance mechanisms, infrastructure technology, in addition to ICT. • Technology innovation can radically increase zero-carbon electricity generation technologies such as Solar, reduce energy intensity, minimize carbon intensity, while enhancing the quality of life and insuring sustainable economic development. • Solar needs more resource investment upstream during the concept and exploration phases to introduce system-level considerations as early as possible. This can reduce the product development interval and facilitate technology transfer. • Solar Industry Drivers should be considered in the context of Systems Thinking --- Solar Industry Supply -Chain Consortium, Energy Internet, Sustainable Development • Electricity from renewable energy combined with ICT in grid operation and new services to consumers, can stabilize CO 2 emissions and form the infrastructure for the transition to a globally sustainable energy system • Today, we mainly define progress by new developments in technology and economic growth rather than by the broader notion of advancing human well being and “Human Purpose. ” The highest leverage will come from strategies that inherently do both. This integration has the potential to expand technology and human development as two aspects of the same process. This integration offers Hope for the creation of a Global Knowledge Society. 31 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
J. M Morabito Senior Director, Bell Labs Fellow Chief Technology Office (CTO) www. alcatel-lucent. com 32 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
33 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
REFERENCE MATERIAL & DATA 34 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2012
PV Learning Curve and Market Penetration Barrier 35 COPYRIGHT © 2012 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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