Bell Ringer Write down anything you know about

Bell Ringer • Write down anything you know about the Middle East.

The United States and the Middle East

MIDDLE EAST IN THE 20 TH & 21 ST CENTURY

U. S. Interest Began during Cold War (containment policies) Economic interest in natural resources that are available in the Middle East -Oil is the largest export of the Middle East

Containment 1. During the Cold War 2. We are trying to stop the spread of…. by… 3. US goal: be the dominant foreign influence

Conflict There have been many conflicts in the region during the 20 th and 21 st centuries…

ARAB (PALESTINIAN) – ISRAELI CONFLICT

Israel 1. Created in 1948 as Jewish homeland 2. Could this cause a problem? 3. Displaced thousands of Palestinians 4. Began armed conflict that has yet to be settled

Yellow boxes indicate Palestinian territory

Palestinians 1. 1920 s: Native Arabs to the area (don’t call themselves Arabs yet) 2. Tried to stop Jewish immigration to area 3. 1948: 5 Arab nations attack Israel on behalf of the Palestinians

Both sides claim the territory as their homeland Conflict has included multiple wars: 1. Suez Canal Crisis Oct. 29, 1956 2. Six Day War June 5 –June 11, 1967 3. Yom Kippur War Oct. 6 – Oct. 25, 1973 U. N. intervened each time to end the wars.

Camp David Peace Accords 1. September 1978 2. Orchestrated by President Jimmy Carter 3. Territorial agreement between Anwar Sadat (Egyptian President) & Menachem Begin (Israeli Prime Minister) 4. Appeared to be major step towards peace…didn’t last

Afghanistan, 1979 1. December 25: Soviets invade with thousands of troops 1. Resisted by the Mujahedeen 2. Occupy Kabul, try to uphold the communist – friendly government 3. May 15, 1988 – February 2, 1989: Soviet withdrawal 4. Allowed the Taliban to take over a shattered country 1. And the rise of Bin Laden

Mujahedeen 1. Islamic guerilla fighters 1. Fight mainly against non. Muslims 2. Fought against the Soviet invasion 3. Toppled the communist government 4. Helped the Taliban gain control of Afghanistan

Bell Ringer • What were the Camp David Accords?

THE PERSIAN GULF WAR 1991

Kuwait 1. Saddam Hussein accuses country of syphoning oil out of Iraq 2. Hussein masses forces on border 3. August 2, 1990: Iraq stops negotiations after 2 hours, invades

What Happened? 1. Surprised other Arab nations 2. 14 Arab nations condemn Iraq actions 3. Egypt & Saudi Arabia ask for U. S. help 4. UN issued ultimatum for withdrawal, Saddam Hussein refused

OPERATION DESERT SHIELD

What was it? 1. Aug. 2, 1990 – Jan. 16, 1991 2. Buildup of NATO, Arab, & US forces in Saudi Arabia 3. Purpose: Defend Saudi Arabia and its oil fields 4. Iraqi forces in easy striking distance after conquest of Kuwait

U. N. Action 1. Aug. 6, 1990: UN Security Council imposes global ban on trade with Iraq 2. Aug. 8, 1990: Iraq annexes Kuwait 3. Nov. 29, 1990: Gives Iraq until Jan. 15 to get out 4. Jan. 17, 1991: Bombing of Iraq begins

Ultimatum 1. Iraq given until Jan. 15, 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait 2. 700, 000 international troops ready to fight (540, 000 American)

OPERATION DESERT STORM

January 1991 1. 17 th: Air campaign begins 2. Continued throughout the war 3. Targeted communications networks, government buildings, weapons plants, oil refineries, bridges and road

February 1991 24 th: Operation Desert Sabre: ground invasion of Iraq 27 th: Most Iraqi forces defeated 28 th: Ceasefire declared by President George H. W. Bush

Terms of Peace 1. Iraq recognizes Kuwait’s sovereignty 2. Iraq gets rid of all weapons of mass destruction 3. Iraq gets rid of all missiles with ranges of greater than 90 miles

U. S. In Somalia Operation Restore Hope August 1992 – March 1994

Objective 1. Initial goal was humanitarian relief a. There to address starvation crisis 2. Drawn into inter-clan warfare

Spring 1993 1. Ground operations over 2. U. S. turns over operation to U. N. 3. Leaves behind small force (logistics, aviation, quick reaction forces) 4. Oct. 3 -4, 1993: Black Hawk Down incident in Mogadishu

Bell Ringer Explain why Iraq invaded Kuwait.

Bell Ringer • What is the significance of the number 343?

WAR ON TERROR

The Taliban 1. Ultraconservative political and religious group 1. Highly restrictive of women 2. Came to power following Soviet withdraw from Afghanistan 3. 2001: Controlled approximately 90% of Afghanistan 4. Militant group, refused to hand over bin Laden after 9/11 5. Backed insurgency against the coalition forces in Afghanistan

al Qaeda 1. Militant Islamist group 2. Founded by Usama bin Laden in 1980 s 1. Main fighting force against the Soviet Union 3. Trained the militants who attacked the US on 9/11

1993 WTC Bombing 1. Feb. 26 2. Truck bomb detonated in parking garage below north tower 3. Considered a failed attack a. Meant to take down both towers 4. 6 people killed, 1000+ injured

USS Cole (Destroyer) Attacked on Oct. 12, 2000 17 Sailors Killed Suicide bombers explode small boat filled with explosives along side. Leave a 40 foot hole.

George W. Bush 1. 43 rd President 2. President during 9/11, Most of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars 3. Helped take down Saddam Hussein

September 11, 2001 1. Islamic terrorists attack major landmarks in the U. S. a. b. c. Twin Towers Pentagon Pennsylvania Field (Stonycreek Township) 2. U. S. actively pursuing al -Qaeda, the group responsible for the attack 3. 2996 people killed (343 FDNY Firefighters)

Bell Ringer • Summarize the events leading up to 9/11.

October 7, 2001 – December 28, 2014 WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM

Geography 1. Landlocked 2. Primarily mountainous, very rugged

Afghanistan 1. Oct. 7, 2001: Coalition forces attack Taliban held parts of country 2. U. S. pursued al. Qaeda into country 3. Established decadelong military presence 4. Goal to capture (U)Osama bin Laden

(U)Osama bin Laden 1. Leader of al-Qaeda 2. Believed to be responsible for embassy attacks in 1998 and September 11 th 3. Killed by SEAL Team 6 May 1, 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Bin Laden continued 1. Very wealthy 2. Studied engineering in college (father was an engineer) 3. Fought against the Soviets 1. Ability and financing let him rise through the ranks of the Mujahedeen 4. Understanding of architecture helped plan the attacks on the WTC

Results • 2357 American Servicemen Killed • 453 British Soldiers Killed • 677 Soldiers from other countries killed UK ended mission in Oct. 2014 U. S. & NATO ended mission in Dec. 2014

Bell Ringer • Summarize the war in Afghanistan.

March 19, 2003 - December 18, 2011 THE IRAQ WAR: OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM

Geography 1. Limited coastline 2. Mainly broad, sandy plains 3. Marshland near the coast 4. Syrian Desert

Iraq War 1. March 19, 2003: Invasion of Iraq 2. Goal: remove Hussein from power & establish a democracy 3. Invaded on suspicion of Hussein amassing weapons of mass destruction 1. 4. Army led initial invasion, Marines starting occupation in late 2003 Never found any

Saddam Hussein 1. Dec. 13 2003: Found in a hole in the ground outside Tikrit 2. November 6, 2006: Found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death 3. December 30, 2006: Executed

Results • 4490 American Servicemen killed • 179 British Soldiers killed • 140 Soldiers from other countries killed • Mission ended in Dec. 2011

Today Operation Iraqi Freedom officially ended December 15, 2011 U. S. still has troops deployed in the Middle East and across the world hunting terrorists and enemies of the country

ISIS 1. Islamic State in Iraq and Syria 2. Al Qaeda splinter group 3. Trying to create a caliphate across Iraq, Syria, & beyond 4. Wants to return to ancient Islamic Sharia law (but don’t follow it) 5. Responsible for mass murder of dissenters 6. 90 attacks in 21 countries; killed 1, 400 people 7. 2017: All but collapsed

Bell Ringer Summarize the war in Iraq.