Bell Ringer Unit 1 Review Scientific Method Scientific

Bell Ringer

Unit 1 Review

Scientific Method

Scientific Method 1. Hypothesis: prediction of outcome of the experiment; if, then statement 2. Experiment: controlled test of a hypothesis 3. Theory: a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations 4. Difference between hypothesis & theory: hypothesis has not been tested; theory has been tested many times and lots of data support the conclusion 5. After an experiment: publish results to be retested

Hypothesis Theory Law

6. Independent = you CHANGE it; the “cause” in the experiment; the “IF” statement of the hypothesis 7. Dependent = you MEASURE it; the “effect” in the experiment; the “THEN” statement of the hypothesis 8. Constant = something that is NOT changed

Experimental Group Control Group • The Independent variable is CHANGED NOT changed • The “test” group • Used for comparison of results

Redi #1 Needham #2

Spallanzani #3 Pasteur #4

Spontaneous Generation Experiments • Spontaneous Generation experiments proved that Life (living things) came from Life (other living things). • Which one had an error in the scientific design? Needham; did not boil long enough to kill all of the microorganisms so they reproduced & the broth became cloudy • Which one disproved spontaneous generation for larger organisms? Redi (flies did NOT come from meat) • Which one completely disproved spontaneous generation? Pasteur (used S-shaped flasks to trap dust/microorganisms so broth stayed clear)

Muscle Tissue • Examples: Skeletal, Smooth, & Cardiac muscle • Movement = expand/contract

Connective Tissue • Examples: bone, blood, cartilage, fat, tendons • insulation, cushioning, attachment, & support

Nervous Tissue • Examples: ganglia, motor neurons & sensory neurons • Sensation, communication, & response

Epithelial Tissue • Examples: skin, linings of internal organs • Coverings & linings; protection

Integumentary System Organs/Structures: • Skin • Hair • Nails Functions: • Protection • Maintains body temperature

Muscular System Organs: • Smooth Muscles • Cardiac Muscles • Skeletal Muscles • Tendons Functions: • Movement • Support • Structure

Skeletal System Organs: • Bones • Cartilage • Ligaments • Joints Functions: • Framework (support/structure) • Blood cell formation • Mineral storage • Movement

Cardiovascular System Organs: • Heart • Arteries (from heart) • Veins (to heart) Functions: • Transports nutrients & wastes throughout the body • Transports O 2 from the lungs & CO 2 to the lungs

Respiratory System Organs/Structures: • Lungs • Diaphragm • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea Functions: • Exchange Oxygen for Carbon Dioxide from the lungs to the bloodstream • CO 2 out & O 2 in

Nervous System Organs: • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Motor Nerves • Sensory Nerves Functions: • Communication • Coordination • Sensation • Response

Digestive System Organs/Structures: • Esophagus • Stomach • Spleen • Liver • Gall Bladder • Small & Large Intestines • Rectum Functions: • Digest (break down) food • Absorb nutrients • Eliminate solid waste

Urinary/Excretory System Organs/Structures: • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary Bladder Functions: • Remove waste/toxins from bloodstream • Maintain water/chemical balance (HOMEOSTASIS)

Lymphatic System Organs/Structures: • Lymph Nodes • Lymph (fluid) • Lymphatic vessels • Spleen • Thymus gland Functions: • Returns fluid to the cardiovascular system • Immune system that fights bacteria/viruses

Endocrine System Organs/Structures: Glands • • Thymus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid • • Functions: • Hormone Production • Homeostasis • Metabolism Adrenals Pancreas Ovaries Testes

Reproductive System Organs/Structures: • Female • Ovaries • Uterus • Vagina • Male • Penis • Testes • Prostate gland Functions: • Produce gametes & offspring • Female: produce eggs (ovum) & protect/nurture offspring during development • Male: produce sperm