Bell Ringer u Define the following Geocentric Heliocentric

Bell Ringer u Define the following: • Geocentric • Heliocentric- *Use Chapter 17 Section 1! #1

Chapter 17 Sec 1 The Scientific Revolution

Background to the Revolution u Medieval Era • No new research • Relied on ancient “authorities” u u Aristotle Renaissance • Humanists knew Greek and Latin • Studied other “authorities” u Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato

Background to the Revolution u 16 th & 17 th c. Inventions • Telescope, Microscope, Printing Press • Allowed for new discoveries • Spread new ideas quickly and easily

Background to the Revolution u 16 th & 17 th c. Mathematicians • Copernicus • Kepler • Galileo • Newton “Secrets of Nature are written in the language of mathematics” u Developed new theories u

A Revolution in Astronomy u Astronomy- Scientific study of the universe

Ptolemaic System u Ptolemy- 2 nd c. astronomer • Geocentric- earth centered • Series of concentric (one inside the other) spheres u Earth is fixed/motionless at the center • Spheres are made of a crystal-like/transparent substance u Heavenly bodies/pure orbs of light are embedded • 10 th sphere- “prime mover” moved the other spheres • Beyond- Heaven and God

Ptolemaic System

Copernicus and Kepler u Copernicus- 16 th c. mathematician • • u Heliocentric- sun-centered Planets revolve around the sun (one year) The moon revolves around earth Earth rotates on a daily axis Kepler- 17 th c. mathematician • Laws of Planetary Motion Elliptical (egg shaped) orbits around the sun u Sun is located at the end of the ellipse, not the middle u

Geocentric v. Heliocentric

Galileo u Galileo- 17 th c. mathematician • Used the telescope to discover Mountains on the moon u 4 moons revolving around Jupiter u Sunspots u • Planets are material, not just orbs of light

Galileo and the Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea. u u Threatened Catholic thinking “Contradicted” the Bible • Heavens no longer spiritual body of matter • Humans no longer center of the universe • God isn’t in a physical location

Newton u Newton- 17 th c. mathematician • Three Laws of Motion u Planets and objects on Earth • Universal Law of Gravitation Gravity- force of attraction u Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object u Planetary orbits u

Bell Ringer u Identify the following: a. Robert Boyleb. Francis Bacon- u Use Chapter 17 Section 1! #2

Chapter 17 Sec 1 The Scientific Revolution

Medicine and Chemistry Middle Ages- relied on animal dissection, not human u Andreas Vesalius- 16 th c. u • Dissected the human body • Two types of blood u William Harvey- 17 th c. • Heart circulates blood through body • Same blood

Medicine and Chemistry u Robert Boyle- 17 th c. Chemist • Conducted controlled experiments • Boyle’s Law = volume of a gas depends on pressure • Named chemical elements u Antoine Lavoisier- 18 th c. • Named chemical elements

Women and the Origins of Modern Science u Margaret Cavendish- 17 th c. Scientist • Humans could not control nature through science u Maria Winkelmann- 17 th c. Astronomer • Discovered a comet u Both women were going against the gender norms for women of the time

Descartes and Reason u Rene Descartes- 17 th c. Philosopher • Discourse on Method, 1637 u “ I think, therefore I am” • A person can only be sure of his/her existence • The mind cannot be doubted u Separation of Mind and Matter • Body and material world can be doubted • Mind is undoubting, therefore separate • Rationalism- reason is the chief source of knowledge

The Scientific Method u Francis Bacon- 17 th c. English Philosopher • Scientific Method- A system for collecting and analyzing data • Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning u Inductive Reasoning • particular facts general theory • Observe and experiment to test hypothesis • Wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade

Bell Ringer u Identify the following: • John Locke- u Use Chapter 17 Section 2! #3

Chapter 17 Sec 2 The Enlightenment

Path to Enlightenment u Enlightenment- 18 th c. philosophical movement • Influenced by the Scientific Revolution • Used reason- the application of the scientific method to an understanding of all life

Path to Enlightenment u Influenced by: • Isaac Newton- 17 th c. mathematician The physical world (and everything in it) was like a machine u If you can understand how it works, you can understand how human society works u

Path to Enlightenment u Influenced by: • John Locke- 17 th c. philosopher u Tabula Rasa- everyone is born with a blank slate/mind • People are molded/shaped by their experiences • If environments change, people change u Natural Laws/Rights- Rights/Privileges people are born with • Life, Liberty, Property • Inalienable- cannot be taken away by the government

Philosophers and Their Ideas u Philosophe (FEE luh ZAWF)Enlightenment intellectuals/ philosophers • Writers, professors, journalists, economists, social reformers • Nobility and middle class • Change the world, make it better • Many had differing opinions

Philosophers- Montesquieu u Baron de Montesquieu- 18 th c. French philosopher • 3 basic kinds of government: Republics- suitable for small states u Despotism- appropriate for large states u Monarchies- ideal for moderate-size states u

Philosophers- Montesquieu u 3 Branches of Government • • • u Executive (monarch) Legislative (parliament) Judicial (court system) Separation of Powers- branches limit and control each other through checks and balances • Prevents one person or group from gaining too much power u Influenced the US Constitution

Philosophers- Voltaire u Voltaire- 18 th c. philosopher • Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories • Criticized Christianity u Called for religious tolerance

Philosophers- Voltaire • Deism- 18 th c. religious philosophy based on reason and natural law A machine (God) created the universe u Universe was like a clock (based on Newton) u God created it, set it, and let it run without interference according to the natural laws/rights u

Philosophers- Diderot u Denis Diderot- 18 th c. French philosopher • Encyclopedia: Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades 28 volumes (books) u Change people’s way of thinking u • Attacked religious superstition • Supported religious toleration • Called for social, legal, and political improvements • Helped spread the idea of Enlightenment

Bell Ringer u Identify the following: • Adam Smith- u Define the following: • Laissez-faire- u Use Chapter 17 Section 2! #4

Chapter 17 Sec 2 The Enlightenment

New Social Science u Economics • Adam Smith- 18 th c. economist u Laissez-faire (LEH SAY FEHR)- “to let (people) do (what they want)” • If individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all of society would benefit • The government should not interrupt/interfere with the natural economic forces u Government only has three roles: • Protect society from an invasion • Defend citizens from injustice • Maintain infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc)

New Social Science u Political Science • Middle Ages and Renaissance u Punishments were cruel and harsh to deter criminal activity • Cesare Beccaria- 18 th c. philosopher Punishment shouldn’t be brutal u No capital punishment u • Death penalty

Later Enlightenment u Jean-Jacques Rousseau- 18 th c. philosopher • Social Contract Theory- through a social contract, an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will u Govern (rule) with the consent (permission) of the governed (ruled) • Education, reason, and emotions were important to human development

Rights of Women were believed to be inferior to men u Mary Wollstonecraft- 18 th c. writer u • Men should not have power over women u Just like a monarch shouldn’t have power over its citizens • Women use reason u Entitles them to the same rights as men • Equal rights- education, economics, and politics

Religion in the Enlightenment u John Wesley- 18 th c. Anglican minister • Founded the Methodist Church u Protestant • Taught religion in an understandable/relatable style • Lower and middle class English

Bell Ringer u u #5 Identify the five nations that fought in the Seven Years War. Use Chapter 17 Section 3!

Chapter 17 Sec 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment

7 Years War- Alliances France, Austria, and Russia u Britain and Prussia u

War in Europe British/Prussians v. Austrians/Russians/French 1756 -1763 u Few battles, but ended in a stalemate u • Equally matched opponents u All borders remained the same

War in India Britain v. France u 1756 -1763 u British won due to persistence (determination) u French gave their territory to Britain • Treaty of Paris, 1763

7 Years War in the Americas (French and Indian War) Britain v. French/Native Americans u 1756 -1763 u British • • • u 13 prosperous colonies on the Eastern Seaboard Agriculture and Trade Highly populated (1 million people) French • • • Canada and Louisiana Territory Used for trading of fur, leather, fish, and timber Low population

7 Years War in the Americas (French and Indian War) u Two disputed areas • Gulf of St. Lawrence • Ohio River Valley u u French gained Native American support due to trade relationships England put most of its resources into the colonial war Several battles led to a British victory French gave their territory to Britain • Treaty of Paris, 1763

Bell Ringer u u What army did General George Washington command? Use Chapter 17 Section 4 #6

Chapter 17 Sec 4 Colonial Empires and the American Revolution

The American Revolution u After 7 Years War/French and Indian War • Great Britain needed money Pay war debts u Fund troops remaining in North America u • Stamp Act- 1765 Required a stamp on printed materials (legal documents, newspapers, etc. ) u Most opposed tax u • Fueled the American Revolution

The American Revolution u Lexington and Concord, 1775 • First shots of the American Revolution u Second Continental Congress • 1775 Formed the Continental Army u Led by George Washington u • July 4, 1776 u Approved the Declaration of Independence

The American Revolution u The colonies relied on aid from other nations • • • u France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic Wanted revenge for earlier losses Britain was faced with another global war Yorktown, 1781 • Britain surrenders to Colonists and French u Treaty of Paris, 1783 • Ended the American Revolution

New Nation u Articles of Confederation • • u 1781 First form of government Too weak Gave too much power to states and not enough to the federal government Constitution • 1788 • Second (and current) form of government

New Nation Constitution (Cont. ) u Federal System • Shared power between federal and state governments • Federal government u Three Branches • Executive (President) • Legislative (Congress- House of Reps and Senate) • Judicial (Supreme Court) Separation of Powers u Checks and Balances u

New Nation u Bill of Rights • 1789 • First 10 Amendments to the Constitution • Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly • Right to bear arms and protection from unlawful searches and arrests • Trial by jury, due process, and protection of property

Enlightenment Impact Monarch shouldn’t have complete control over the nation u Equal representation in the legislature u Natural Rights (John Locke) u • Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness Separation of Powers u Social Contract u

Summarize it! The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Separation of Powers Liberty Equality Democracy Popular Sovereignty Human Rights Constitutionalism Nationalism