Bell Ringer Section 22 1 Review of Unit

Bell Ringer Section 22 -1 Review of Unit Three Name Five major characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom: 1. Eukaryotes- Cells have a nucleus 2. Have a cell wall made of chitin 3. Mostly Multicellular (except for yeast which is unicellular 4. Heterotrophs- AKA Consumers. Fungi are decomposers 5. Some reproduce sexually and some reproduce asexually How is this different than the Plant Kingdom? Go to Section:

Introduction to Plants What is a plant? A. Multicellular – composed of more than 1 cell B. Eukaryotic – cells contain a nucleus C. Autotrophic – most carry out photosynthesis D. Cell walls made of cellulose E. Reproduce sexually and asexually • • In Sexual Reproduction– plants create egg and sperm cells Asexual reproduction - can reproduce by propagation (fragmentation) – cuttings taken from plant and allowed to root - identical to parent

Generalized Plant Life Cycle Section 22 -1 Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Spores (haploid) Gametophyte Plant (haploid) Sporophyte Plant (diploid) Sperm (haploid) FERTILIZATION Go to Section: Eggs (haploid)

II. Why are plants important? A. Base of land food chains B. Provide shade and shelter for animals C. Produce oxygen D. Important sources of medications

III. What do plants need in order to survive? A. Sunlight B. Water and Minerals C. Gas Exchange – take in CO 2 and release O 2 D. Movement of water and minerals

IV. How did today’s plants evolve? A. Probably from organisms similar to today’s multicellular freshwater algae B. Evidence for this: plants and algae share 1. Similar life cycles (alternation of generations) 2. Cellulose in cell walls 3. Similar pigments; like chlorophyll 4. DNA evidence

V. What are the four major groups of plants that exist today? A. Bryophytes (nonvascular, seedless – Ex: mosses) B. Ferns (vascular, seedless – Ex. Ferns) C. Gymnosperms (vascular, cone-bearing plants – Ex: pine tree) D. Angiosperms (vascular, flowering plants – Ex: dogwood tree, rose)

Bryophytes

Vascular Tissue: The food and water transport systems

Ferns

Seeds

Gymnosperms

Flowers used to help reproduction

Angiosperms

Figure 22 -7 The Diversity of Plants Section 22 -1 Cone-bearing plants 760 species Ferns and their relatives 11, 000 species Mosses and their relatives 15, 600 species Go to Section: Flowering plants 235, 000 species

Why are plants classified into these groups? 2 main reasons. A. Based on 3 important physical features 1. Whether or not they have vascular tissue A. Vascular Tissue: conducts water and minerals 2. Whether or not they produce seeds or spores 3. Whether or not they produce flowers B. Project Deep Green 1. Since 1994, Biologists from 12 nations have been classifying plants by comparing DNA sequences

Evolution of the Phone

Figure 22– 6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22 -1 Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Go to Section: Flowering plants

Name 3 characteristics of the plant kingdom. Scientist believe all plants probably evolved from this common ancestor. What evidence supports this? What group of plants is the most primitive? What group of plants is the most successful?

Bryophytes and Ferns I. What are the characteristics of Bryophytes? A. Seedless- reproduce using spores not seeds B. Non-vascular – do not have xylem and phloem - Rely on osmosis and diffusion to move water and nutrients / must live in wet habitats! C. Grow just a few centimeters off the ground D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg

III. How do bryophytes reproduce? A. Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms B. Gametophyte is dominant C. Sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte

II. What are the 3 major groups of bryophytes? A. Mosses B. Liverworts C. Hornworts

Moss

Liverwort

Hornwort

Bryophyte: Stomata (pores)

The Structure of a Moss Section 22 -2 Capsule Sporophyte Stalk Stem Gametophyte Leaf Rhizoid Go to Section:

Bryophyte: Pseudo Leaves

Bryophyte Anatomy Gametophyte (main plant body, “leaves”), haploid Rhizoids, haploid

Bryophyte Anatomy Gametophyte makes gametes (sperm and eggs), haploid Sperm have tails to swim in the moisture on the plant to another nearby plant in order to fertilize the egg.

Bryophyte Anatomy Fertilized eggs (diploid) grow into a sporophyte The sporophyte (diploid) grows up from the top of the gametophyte (haploid)

Bryophyte Anatomy The sporophyte (diploid) is made up of a stalk and capsule… The sporophyte (diploid) goes through meiosis and released spores (haploid) from the capsule.

Moss: Sporophyte growing from gametophyte

Moss covers almost every available surface in rainforests

Bryophyte Anatomy Sperm being released Eggs for sperm to fertilize

Bryophyte Anatomy Capsule Sporophyte (Diploid) Stalk (Seta) Gametophyte (body with “leaves”) Gametophyte (Haploid) Rhizoid

IV. What are mosses used for? a. Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants

Moss is used in gardening and planting because it is extremely absorbent

IV. What are mosses used for? a. Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants b. Peat – accumulated moss used as fuel

Peat (accumulated dead moss) is cut from the ground and used as fuel in many European countries

Bog

1. Bodies of the Bogs 2. Bodies of the Bog Prevents decomposition of dead organisms

The Structure of a Moss Section 22 -2 Capsule Sporophyte Stalk Stem Gametophyte Leaf Rhizoid Go to Section:

Ferns: Seedless Vascular Plants IV. What are the characteristics of ferns and their relatives? A. Seedless- reproduce using spores B. True vascular tissue – have xylem and phloem C. Can grow tall because of lignin and vascular tissue D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg

VII. How do seedless vascular plants reproduce? a. Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg b. Sporophyte is dominant c. Sporophyte develops from the gametophyte

VI. What are the major groups of seedless vascular plants? a. Ferns b. Club mosses c. Horsetails

Tree fern – native to East Indies

Boston Fern

Club moss (“miniature pines”)

Horsetails – also called scouring rushes

The Life Cycle of a Fern Section 22 -3 MEIOSIS Sporangium (2 N) Haploid gametophyte (N) Diploid sporophyte (2 N) Frond Spores (N) Mature sporophyte (2 N) Developing sporophyte (2 N) Young gametophyte (N) Mature gametophyte (N) male Sperm Gametophyte (N) Egg embryo (2 N) FERTILIZATION Go to Section: female

Alternation of Generations: Ferns Sporophyte = dominant (most conspicuous) individual Gametophyte = small, fragile structure most people (even botanists!) never notice

Fern Gametophytes

Alternation of Generations: Ferns Frond = diploid sporophyte Sorus = collection of sporangia where meiosis occurs

Sori on a Fern Sporophyll

Pinna Sori

Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms I. Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds and have vascular tissue. A. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees 1. Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female 2. Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells 3. Female cones produce eggs

Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms I. Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds. A. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees 1. Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female 2. Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells 3. Female cones produce eggs 4. Pollination occurs by the wind: not dependent on water 5. After pollination, the fertilized egg develops into a seed.

Seed Cones (female) and Pollen Cones (male)

Figure 22– 19 The Structure of a Seed Section 22 -4 Seed coat Seed Embryo Wing B Stored food supply A Go to Section:

Welwitschia It only grows in a remote region of southwestern Africa in the Namib and Mossamedes Deserts. The leaves lie on the ground as they flap about in the wind they become split and frayed. Welwitschias absorb moisture in the form of dense fog that flows over the Namib Desert.

Cycads

B. Conifers are an important source for building materials and paper products

II. Angiosperms – produce flowers, fruits, and seeds and are the most abundant plants on Earth. A. Two main types of angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots

Figure 22– 25 Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Section 22 -5 Monocots Go to Section: Dicots Seeds 1 seed leaf Two Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Flowers Floral parts in multiples of 3 Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Stems Vascular bundles scattered Vascular bundles in a ring Roots Fibrous roots Taproot

B. Pollination occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!) Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower. Many species are flower specific- only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.

C. Angiosperms are the main source of food for all animals on earth including humans. Rice, wheat, barley, grasses – all are angiosperms. They are also used in medicines, clothing and other products.

Section 24 -1 Figure 24– 5 The Structure of a Flower Stamen Anther Filament Ovule Stigma Style Carpel Ovary Petal Sepal I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollem b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

From flower to fruit Flowers, fruits and seeds…

III. Why are seed plants more successful that spore producing plants?

is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die. B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

Figure 24– 1 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte Section 24 -1 Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2 N) Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

I. Basic Structures in Plants A. Seed – embryo of a plant that is protected by a covering and surrounded by a food supply 1. Can remain dormant for many years 2. Environmental factors (temperature and moisture) end dormancy

3. Many modified for easy dispersal a. Light weight - can float in water and in the air b. Textured seed coats that stick to animal fur c. “Winged” seeds – can “fly” long distances away from parent plant d. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds to be dispersed e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of protective cones

Figure 22– 19 The Structure of a Seed Section 22 -4 Seed coat Seed Embryo Wing B Stored food supply A Go to Section:

B. Vascular Tissues- system of “tubes” throughout a plant; two types – xylem and phloem 1. Xylem - transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant 2. Phloem - transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

C. Roots – absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant, store food D. Stems – supports plant, contains vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves

Figure 23– 7 The Structure of a Root Section 23 -2 Pg. 585 Epidermis Ground tissue (cortex) Root hairs Phloem Xylem Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Root cap Vascular Cylinder

Figure 23– 1 Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues Section 23 -1 Leaf Stem Root Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

1. Two types of growth occur in stems and roots a. Primary – growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots at areas called apical meristem b. Secondary – growth in the width of the plant. (tree rings)

Figure 23– 15 Layers of a Tree Trunk Section 23 -3 Wood Bark Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree Xylem: Heartwood Contains old, nonfunctioning xylem that helps support the tree Cork Cambium Produces protective layer of cork Phloem Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis Xylem: Sapwood Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals Vascular Cambium Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem

E. Leaves carry out photosynthesis and transpiration 1. Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf. “skin” 2. Cuticle – waxy covering over the epidermis that prevents the plant from drying out 3. Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO 2 and O 2 4. Stomata – openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to enter and leave 5. Guard cells – cells around the stomata that open and close the stomata

a. When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open. When they do not have water the stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve water when it is dry. b. Stomata are usually closed at night. (no sun = no photosynthesis)

Figure 23– 18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23 -4 Veins Cuticle Epidermis mesophyll Xylem Phloem mesophyll Epidermis Stomata Guard cells Vein

Transpiration Section 23 -5 A B Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

Section 24 -1 Figure 24– 5 The Structure of a Flower Stamen Anther Filament Ovule Stigma Style Carpel Ovary Petal Sepal I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollen b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- eggs that becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther c. pollen – carries sperm III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

23 -4 Structure and Function of Leaves

Figure 22– 6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22 -1 What organism do scientist believe all plants evolved from? Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue ? ? ? ? ? Green Algae Go to Section: Flowering plants

Figure 22– 6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22 -1 Fern and their First group of plants relatives to evolve vascular tissue? Cone-bearing plants Flowering plants ? ? Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Go to Section:

Figure 22– 6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22 -1 ? ? ? ? ? Ferns and their relatives Flowering plants Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Go to Section: Gymnosperms What group of plants were the first to evolve seeds?

The Seed Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowering plants Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds ? ? ? Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor What characteristic evolved at this point to bring fourth conebearing plants?