Bell Ringer Bell Ringer continued Does the limit

Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer continued… Does the limit exist at x = 1 if so what is it?

Finding Limits Analytically

Strategies for Finding Limits To find limits analytically, try the following: 1. Direct Substitution (Always try this FIRST!!!) 2. If Direct Substitution fails, then rewrite then find a function that is equivalent to the original function except at one point. Then use Direct Substitution. Methods for this include… • • • Factoring/Dividing Out Technique Rationalize Numerator/Denominator Eliminating Embedded Denominators Trigonometric Identities Legal Creativity

Direct Substitution One of the easiest and most useful ways to evaluate a limit analytically is direct substitution (substitution and evaluation): If you can plug c into f(x) and generate a real number answer in the range of f(x), that generally implies that the limit exists (assuming f(x) is continuous at c). Example: Always check for substitution first. The slides that follow investigate why Direct Substitution is valid.

Properties of Limits Let b and c be real numbers, let n be a positive integer, and let f and g be functions with the following limits: Constant Function Limit of x Limit of a Power of x Scalar Multiple

Properties of Limits Let b and c be real numbers, let n be a positive integer, and let f and g be functions with the following limits: Sum Difference Product Quotient Power

Example Let limits. and . Find the following

Example 2 Direct Substitution Sum/Difference Property Multiple and Constant Properties Power Property Limit of x Property

Direct Substitution Direct substitution is a valid analytical method to evaluate the following limits. • If p is a polynomial function and c is a real number, then: • If r is a rational function given by r(x) = p(x)/q(x), and c is a real number, then • If a radical function where n is a positive integer. The following limit is valid for all c if n is odd and only c>0 when n is even:

Direct Substitution Direct substitution is a valid analytical method to evaluate the following limits. • If the f and g are functions such that Then the limit of the composition is: • If c is a real number in the domain of a trigonometric function then:

Example Direct Substitution can be used since the function is well defined at x=3 For what value(s) of x can the limit not be evaluated using direct substitution? At x=-6 since it makes the denominator 0:

Indeterminate Form Evaluate the limit analytically: An example of an indeterminate form because the limit can not be determined. 1/0 is another example. Often limits can not be evaluated at a value using Direct Substitution. If this is the case, try to find another function that agrees with the original function except at the point in question. In other words… How can we simplify: ?

REVIEW To find limits analytically, try the following: 1. Direct Substitution (Try this FIRST) 2. If Direct Substitution fails, then rewrite then find a function that is equivalent to the original function except at one point. Then use Direct Substitution. Methods for this include… • • • Factoring/Dividing Out Technique Rationalize Numerator/Denominator Eliminating Embedded Denominators Trigonometric Identities Legal Creativity

Example 1 Evaluate the limit analytically: Factor the numerator and denominator At first Direct Substitution fails because x=2 results in dividing by zero Cancel common factors This function is equivalent to the original function except at x=2 Direct substitution

Example 2 Evaluate the limit analytically: Cancel the denominators of the fractions in the numerator If the subtraction is backwards, Factoring a negative 1 to flip the signs Cancel common factors Direct substitution

Example 3 Evaluate the limit analytically: Expand the expression to see if anything cancels Factor to see if anything cancels Direct substitution

Example 4 Evaluate the limit analytically: Eliminate the embedded fraction Rewrite the tangent function using cosine and sine If the subtraction is backwards, Factoring a negative 1 to flip the signs Direct substitution

Example 5 Evaluate the limit analytically: Rationalize the numerator by multiplying by conjugate Cancel common factors Direct substitution

The Sandwich Theorem