Bell Ringer All Bell Ringers Due on Friday

Bell Ringer!!!! (All Bell Ringers Due on Friday) • What bones articulate with the manubrium? • How would a complete fracture of the dens affect the mobility of the vertebral column? • What bones contain the paranasal sinuses? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton http: //www. cteonline. org/portal/default/Resources/Viewer/Resourc e. Viewer? action=2&resid=12835 Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Bones of the limbs and their girdles • Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) The Clavicles and the scapulae • Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton • Provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

$Clavicles (Collarbones) • Doubly curved bones…. curves ensure that clavicle will fracture away from$

Clavicles (Collarbones) • Doubly curved bones…. curves ensure that clavicle will fracture away from body to avoid subclavian artery • Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula • Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum • Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view Copyright

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) • Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 • Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles • Glenoid cavity articulates with humerus and is shallow which allow great flexibility and rangeof-motion but poorly reinforced…shoulders easily dislocate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior angle Figure 7. 25 a

Suprascapular notch Coracoid process Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Medial border Lateral border (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 25 b

Acromion Supraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Posterior Spine Glenoid cavity Infraspinous fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Anterior (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Subscapular fossa Inferior angle Figure 7. 25 c

The Upper Limb • 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb Arm • Humerus Forearm • Radius and ulna Hand • 8 carpal bones in the wrist • 5 metacarpal bones in the palm • 14 phalanges in the fingers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Humerus • Largest, longest bone of upper limb • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity

Head of humerus Capitulum (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronoid

Bones of the Forearm • Ulna • Medial bone in forearm • Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus • Radius • Lateral bone in forearm • Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna • Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Head Neck Radial tuberosity Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Head of radius Neck of radius Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Styloid process of radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Styloid process of radius (b) Posterior view Figure 7. 27 a-b

Olecranon process Trochlear notch View Coronoid process Radial notch (c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Styloid process View Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Styloid Head of ulna process (d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Figure 7. 27 c-d

Humerus Capitulum Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius Humerus Olecranon process Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Head Ulna Neck Radius (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 26 c-d

Hand: Carpus • Eight bones in two rows • Proximal row • Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform proximally • Distal row • Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally • Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with radius to form wrist joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Some Lads Try Positions That They Can’t Handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Copyright ©

Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges • Metacarpus • Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the palm • Phalanges • Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal • Fingers are numbered 1– 5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) • Thumb has no middle phalanx Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Sesamoid bones Carpals • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Scaphoid Radius (a) Anterior view of left hand Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Metacarpals • Head • Shaft • Base Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Pisiform • Triquetrum • Lunate Ulna Carpals • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Scaphoid Radius (b) Posterior view of left hand Figure 7. 28 a-b

Bell Ringer!!!! (All Bell Ringers Due on Friday) • List the 8 carpals in order from proximal to distal starting with radius and moving to ulna (remember, use anatomic position) • Which bones play the major role in forming the elbow joint? • Which phalanx is a wedding band customarily worn on? When you are finished, please turn them in with your coloring packets! Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae) • Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments • Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs • Support pelvic organs • Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis • Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Base of sacrum Iliac fossa Coxal bone llium (os coxae or hip Pubic bone) bone Sacrum Coccyx Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Pelvic brim Acetabulum Ischium Pubic symphysis Pubic arch Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 29

Hip Bone • Three regions 1. Ilium • Superior region of the coxal bone • Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) 2. Ischium • Posteroinferior part of hip bone 3. Pubis • Anterior portion of hip bone • Midline pubic symphysis joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ala Ilium Iliac crest Acetabulum Ischium Pubis Obturator foramen (a) Lateral view, right hip

Ilium Iliac fossa Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Auricular surface Body of the ilium Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Obturator foramen Ischium (b) Medial view, right hip bone Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 30 b

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Female pelvis • Adapted for childbearing • True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal • Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Male pelvis • Tilted less forward • Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles • Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7. 4

Pregnancy related changes to pelvis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Lower Limb • Carries the weight of the body • Subjected to exceptional forces • Three segments of the lower limb • Thigh: femur • Leg: tibia and fibula • Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Femur • Largest and strongest bone in the body • Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella • Hip socket (acetabulum) firmly secures head of femur into place and provides greater stability but less range-of-motion than pectoral girdle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter Apex Anterior Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Posterior (a) Patella (kneecap) Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Medial epicondyle Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 31

Bones of the Leg • Tibia • Medial leg bone • Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot • Fibula • Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur • Site of muscle attachment • Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane • Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lateral condyle Head Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Interosseous membrane Fibula Tibia Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 32 a

Articular surface of medial condyle Medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Articular surface Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 32 b

Foot: Tarsals • Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot • Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus • Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges • Metatarsals: • Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) • Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” • Phalanges • The 14 bones of the toes • Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges • Hallux has no middle phalanx Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Distal Middle Proximal 1 Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Talus (a) Superior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges Tarsals Calcaneus Figure 7. 33 a