Bell Ringer 817 1 List 2 reasons why

Bell Ringer 8/17 1. List 2 reasons why early colonies were settled (why did people come to America? )

Today’s Class (8/19/15) Outcome: Be able to describe the characteristics of the three regions of British colonies (New England, Middle, Southern). Agenda: 1. 2. 3. 4. Bellringer 10 minutes to complete Colony Chart Review colony chart then submit The Colonies Come of Age Notes and Chart

Jamestown Founded in 1607 by British joint-stock company. Located in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. First permanent British settlement on North America. Initially disastrous, saved by John Smith and harvesting of tobacco.

Massachusetts Bay Colony Founded in 1630. Located on eastern shore of Massachusetts. One of first groups to come to America because of religious pressures. Puritan Church dominated Massachusetts society—mandatory church attendance, taxes went to church.

New Netherland Founded in 1625 by Dutch jointstock company. Located near New York City. One of the most diverse early colonies—welcomed a variety of ethnic and religious groups.

Pennsylvania Founded in 1681. Located in modern-day eastern Pennsylvania. Colony wanted a representative government and religious freedom.

The Colonies Come of Age

Early European Colonies in North America Throughout the 1600 s, European countries (mainly England) established settlements in North America for two primary purposes: Economic Jamestown (1607) New Netherland (1621) Religious Massachusetts Bay (1630) Pennsylvania (1682)

Origins of the 13 Colonies Throughout 1600 s-1700 s, more British colonies were founded, each for very different reasons. Some given territory for political support Some looking to escape debts in England – fresh start in the “New World” Over a period of 125 years, 13 colonies were founded along the eastern coast of North America by England Each of these colonies existed solely for the benefit of England. Trade relationship between Colonies & England: Colonies export raw materials (timber, fur) to England Colonies import manufactured goods (furniture, coats) produced by England

Mercantilism (1 of 2) Mercantilism = economic system where nations seek increased wealth by obtaining more gold/silver and establishing favorable balance of trade. At this time, it was thought that resources were fixed and nations needed to try to grab the largest slice of the “pie”

Mercantilism (2 of 2) Favorable balance of trade: Exports > Imports Don’t want to have to depend on other countries. Establishment of colonies was key. Colonies provided raw materials that often could not be found in home country. Raw materials could be manufactured into finished goods for exporting.

Navigation Acts (1651) Passed in 1651 by English Parliament, these series of laws sought to tighten England’s control of trade in the American colonies. Trade conditions: Goods must be traded using English ships Ships must be operated with 75% English crew Many cash crops could only be exported to England Almost all goods traded first had to pass through English port to collect taxes on. Thinking Questions: How would you react to these if you were colonists? Are there benefits to these laws? Are there downsides?

Colonial Government Structure Governor Appointed by English King/Queen Serves as highest authority Appoint/dismiss judges Oversee colonial trade. Advisory Council Appointed by Governor Local Assembly Elected by landowning white males Raises money through taxes Passes laws

Bell Ringer 8/24/15 1. Which colonial group was responsible for raising money and passing laws in a colony? 2. What was the primary difference between the Governor/Advisory Council and the Local Assembly? 3. Describe the trade relationship between the colonies and England. 4. How do nations seek to increase their wealth under mercantilism?

Today’s Class Outcome: Be able to describe the characteristics of the three regions of British colonies (New England, Middle, Southern). Agenda: 1. Bellringer Reminder – Unit 1 (Exploration & Colonization) test AND 1 st notebook check this Friday. Colonies Come of Age Notes Continued

Growing Spirit of Independence Among the Colonies “The time may come…when the colonies may become populous and with the increase of arts and sciences strong and politic, forgetting their relation to the mother countries, will then confederate and consider nothing further than the means to support their ambition of standing on their [own] legs. ” Nehemiah Grew, The Colonial Period of American History, 1707

Comparing the Colonial Regions The original thirteen American colonies can be categorized into three distinct colonial regions: New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island Middle colonies New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania Southern colonies Virginia, Maryland, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia Each region had its own characteristics regarding climate, society, geography, economies, and religious affiliations.

New England Colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island Environment: Small communities Mostly English Strict way of life Long, harsh winters with short growing season. Rocky soil meant few large fields. Abundant marine life (fish, Religious: whales) Mostly Puritan Rhode Island tolerant of all Economics: Protestant religions Small, subsistence farming Heavy fishing & whaling Political: Shipbuilding, manufacturing key Town hall meetings to economy Voted on community issues Allowed non-church members to Social: vote on issues Mostly middle class Few slaves

New England Colonies Most New England colonies were settled for religious freedom purposes. Most colonists forced to grow their own food for subsistence – no large-scale agriculture. By the 1770 s, NE colonies had built one-third (33%) of all British ships and were producing more iron than England. New England boasted many ports in the region, including major port in Boston.

Middle Colonies New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania Environment: Religious: Economics: Political: Short winters with longer growing season. Fertile soil, so large farms possible. Large Farms Cash crop: grains, wheat, fruit Skilled craftsmen Social: Mostly middle class, some poor Slavery used on farms Very tolerant Pennsylvania mostly Quaker Both Quakers & Dutch practice tolerance and speak out against slavery Society based on tolerance, diversity, religious freedom.

Middle Colonies Most ethnically diverse of all regions. Had more ports than other regions, including major ports in New York & Philadelphia was 2 nd largest port in British empire after London. Land was more fertile than New England, so farming was easier and cash crops such as corn, wheat, and fruit emerged. An abundance of rivers allowed for transportation of goods between colonies. Relationship with Native Americans were better in this region because of Quaker religious values.

Southern Colonies Virginia, Maryland, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia Environment: Warm, able to farm year-round Fertile soil supported large plantations and abundance of and many crops Small indentured servant population Slaves used heavily on large plantations Religious: Economics: Planter class mostly Anglican Plantation economy Many slaves practice own religions Cash crops: indigo, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton Political: Social: Planter class in control Rich noble families & poor Plantations mostly selffarmers side-by-side sufficient

Southern Colonies Plantations were largely self-sufficient. Produced most everything they needed on their property. Set up next to rivers so they could ship their crops to North & to Europe. Specialized in single cash crop. Tobacco in Maryland, Virginia, and N. Carolina. Rice & Indigo in S. Carolina & Georgia Women could not vote, preach, or own property Small farmers made up majority of population, but small number of plantation owners controlled South’s economy and political landscape By 1690, there were ~13, 000 slaves in South; by 1750, more than 200, 000. Slaves came across the middle passage – the voyage from Africa to the West Indies or the American colonies. This voyage was extremely dangerous and about 15 -20% of all slaves that were exported from Africa did not make it alive to America.

Triangular trade - system of trade where goods and slaves were exchanged between Africa, the West Indies, and N. American colonies.

Create a Colony Flyer Congratulations! You are a colonist that has just arrived off the boat from England have landed a job that does not involve manual labor! You are a hired by the ‘Ello Govna’ joint-stock company to create a flyer to attract English citizens to come to the colonies.

Bellringer (8/27/14) Match the industry or cash crop with its colonial region: New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Shipbuilding Tobacco Wheat Fishing Indigo Grains

Today’s Class (8/27/14) Outcome: Be able to: Describe the characteristics of the three regions of British colonies (New England, Middle, Southern). Explain how the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening were evident in the thirteen colonies. Agenda: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Bellringer Create Colonial Region Flyer with group Group flyer presentations Finish Colonies Come of Age notes The Enlightenment & The Great Awakening

Create a Colony Flyer Within your group create a flyer that attracts English citizens to your assigned colonial region. You will want to include: Illustration – give potential colonists a sketch representing your region Religion – predominant religions, beliefs/practices of those religions Economics – how do people make a living in the region, what natural resources are available, what crops/products are produced in the region. Geography – what the terrain is like, how suitable the ground is for farming, what the climate is like Reasons to Move – why should people settle in YOUR region? What advantages does your region have over others? Group Roles to Assign: 1. Researcher/Organizer 2. Writer 3. Illustrator 4. Presenter 5. Researcher/Org (Optional)

Bellringer (8/28/14) Identify each as a primary or secondary source: 1. A letter written from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Franklin during the Enlightenment movement 2. A diary entry of an African slave living on a Virginian plantation from the 1700 s 3. A History Channel documentary about Quakers helping to found the colony of Pennsylvania

Today’s Class (8/28/14) Outcome: Students will be able to answer essential questions regarding the exploration & colonization of the North American continent. Agenda: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellringer Review Enlightenment & Great Awakening Notes Discuss structure of test tomorrow Exploration & Colonization Rapid Review Colonial Regions Flyer Presentations

The Enlightenment Type of Movement: Intellectual movement Challenged the way people thought about the world Main Idea: Scientists Copernicus, Galileo, and Sir Isaac Newton made new observations and theories that valued scientific methods and reason above religious teachings. This movement angered the church because it was thought to contradict the Bible and wellestablished religious truths. Political thought was affected too—Jefferson reasoned that human beings are born with natural rights that governments must respect. This would eventually lead many colonists to call the authority of the British monarchy into question.

The Enlightenment in the Colonies Key Figures in the Colonies Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson Brought Enlightenment ideas from Europe to the American colonies Franklin used the methods of experimentation and reason to discover truths about the universe. Ex. Using lightning rod to protect buildings during storm Calls to Action: Enlightenment thinkers in the colonies urged colonists to read and use reason and logic to make conclusions instead of relying on scripture and religious teachings.

Reaction: The Great Awakening Due to the spread of Enlightenment ideas, religion began to lose some momentum in the colonies. Type of Movement: Religious Key Figures in the Colonies: Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield Christian preachers that helped spread the message of the Great Awakening. Main Idea(s): Preachers & churches organized revivals in the 1730 s and 1750 s to restore religious feelings in the colonies that had decreased due to the Enlightenment. Calls to Action: Emotional, energetic sermons by Edwards, Whitefield and others urged people to join churches, rededicate themselves to God, and to abide by the Bible. George Whitefield giving a lively sermon during The Great Awakening

Colonial Flyer On your own, create a flyer advertising one of the American colonies You will need to be specific about WHY people should come to the colony (advertising in England) Do your best with your coloring and drawing. We may not be Renaissance masters, but you are in high school. NO STICK FIGURES

Structure of Test 29 total questions = 75 points 20 multiple choice (2 points each = 40 points) 5 matching (2 points each = 10 points) Native American Cultural Regions 3 short answer (5 points each = 15 points) 1 -2 complete sentences 1 essay (10 points) Colonial Regions

Unit 1 Exploration & Colonization Rapid Review