BELL RINGER 313 The Cuban missile crisis was

BELL RINGER 3/13 The Cuban missile crisis was effectively ended when the (1) Soviet Union agreed to withdraw weapons from Cuba (2) Bay of Pigs invasion removed Fidel Castro from power (3) Cuban authorities signed new trade agreements with the United States (4) United States announced the formation of the Alliance for Progress

WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1960’S AND 1970’S -Civil Rights movement inspired women to demand gender equality. -Fought against stereotypes and workplace discrimination, wanted to redefine how they were viewed. -The Feminine Mystique published in 1963 by Betty Friedan argued that it was not just men but society in general that kept women unequal.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1960’S AND 1970’S -National Organization for Women (NOW) established by Friedan dedicated itself to winning true equality for all women. -Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1972 banned discrimination in education. This applies to many facets of education including sports.

BELL RINGER 3/14 The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan was an influential book in the 1960 s because it 1)helped strengthen family values 2)led directly to the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment 3)energized a new women’s rights movement 4)reinforced the importance of women’s traditional roles

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT -Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Silent Spring describes the deadly impact pesticides and toxic waste were having on wildlife. -Carson also wrote that human activity was drastically altering the environment and that humans had the responsibility to protect the earth. -Earth Day April 22 nd started in 1970 to raise awareness globally about environmental issues.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT -Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 under Nixon. Mission was to clean up and protect the environment. -Clean Air Act (1970) limits emissions from factories and automobiles. -Clean Water Act (1973) limits pollution of water by industry and agriculture. - Endangered Species Act (1973) promoted protection of endangered species and animals. -

BELL RINGER 3/16 The main purpose of the War Powers Act of 1973 was to 1)expand the power of Congress to declare war 2)limit the president’s ability to send troops into combat abroad 3)allow people to vote on the issue of United States commitments overseas 4)end the Vietnam War on favorable terms

EXPANDING PUSH FOR EQUALITY -Cesar Chavez fought for rights for migrant farm workers. Many migrant workers were Latino and Filipino. -United Farm Workers (UFW) brought about 1975 California legislation requiring collective bargaining rights between growers and union representatives. -Farm workers now had legal basis for asking for better working conditions.

EXPANDING PUSH FOR EQUALITY -National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) and American Indian Movement (AIM) both created in the 1960’s. - Main goals of 2 groups was to expand civil rights of Native Americans along with securing land, legal rights, and self-government.

FIRST MOON LANDING -June 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become first people on the moon. -Nixon and policy of Détente -Relaxed tensions between US and two communist states of China and Soviet Union. - Dramatic shift in America’s global strategy towards communism.

BELL RINGER 3/17 The 1920’s are sometimes called the "Roaring Twenties" because 1)foreign trade prospered after World War I 2)the United States assumed a leadership role in world affairs 3)political reforms made government more democratic 4)widespread social and economic change occurred

SALT I -Strategic Arms Limiting Treaty: Agreement between US and Soviet Union to stop making nuclear weapons. -They were to maintain current numbers they had in 1972.

OPEC -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Placed an embargo (ban) on shipping of oil to US. -Embargo placed because Israel went to war with Syria and Egypt and US backed Israel. -OPEC is a group of countries that cooperate and set the oil prices and production. Prices in US skyrocket.

WATERGATE -Wiretapping of Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate apartment complex. -Nixon was not part of the plan for the break in but when FBI traced it to his campaign he tried to cover it up. -Incident goes unnoticed for the most part and Nixon is reelected in 1972. -Watergate scandal refused to go away and the White House and Nixon kept doing more to cover it up.

WATERGATE CONT. -Senate begins to investigate the Watergate break in Feb 1973. -Nixon fires his top 2 aides to try and get the scandal to go away April ‘ 73. -- US v. Nixon- Supreme Court forces Nixon to hand over tapes. -Nixon is nearing impeachment in July 1974 and before it is voted on he resigns August 9, 1974. -Gerald Ford becomes President and pardons Nixon so he does not serve prison time.

BELL RINGER 3/20 The passage of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad helped to fulfill the United States commitment to 1)Reconstruction 2)racial equality 3)manifest destiny 4)conservation of natural resources

SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS UNDER CARTER Carter beats Ford in 1976 Election. SALT II: Agreement between US and Soviet Union that set a limit on number of nukes. Treaty was never ratified by the Senate and withdrawn by President Carter. -Soviets invade Afghanistan in December 1979. US imposes sanctions on Soviets and boycott the Summer Olympics in Moscow.

CARTER PRESIDENCY -Camp David Accords 1978 brought peace to the war between Egypt and Israel after years of fighting. Carter played peacekeeper. -Iran hostage crisis: Revolution in Iran leads to US embassy being overtaken. Hostages were held for 444 days. Approval rating plummets. Last round of hostages released day Carter leaves office.

BELL RINGER 3/21 The Presidency of Gerald Ford was different from all previous Presidencies because he was the first President who 1)won the office by running on a third-party ticket 2)resigned from the office of the President 3)ran for office as a nonpartisan candidate 4)was not elected to either the Presidency or the Vice-Presidency

1980 ELECTION -Carters approval plummeted because of Iran hostage crisis despite many good foreign policy victories. -Unemployment rate of 7% was downfall as well. -Ronald Reagan is Republican candidate and wins election. -Reagan spearheads conservative movement.

SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS -Cutting taxes would put more money into businesses and investors. -Theory assumed that businesses would then hire more people, invest more and produce more goods and services. -Prosperity would eventually “trickle down” from top to bottom. -Gap between rich and poor increased.

BELL RINGER 3/22 The abolitionist movement, women’s suffrage movement, and the 1960’s civil rights movement are examples of reform efforts that 1)succeeded without causing major controversy 2)developed significant popular support 3)achieved their goals without government action 4)failed to affect the nation as a whole

“STAR WARS” - Strategic Defense Initiative: part of large military buildup under Reagan. Billions of dollars went to missiles, planes, and other projects. -Called for satellite defense system shield to defend against a nuclear attack.

BELL RINGER 3/23 The "supply side" economics of President Ronald Reagan and President George Bush favored 1)raising tariffs to increase the number of imports 2)increasing Federal taxes to support social welfare programs 3)providing incentives to stimulate business growth 4)establishing government programs to provide jobs for the unemployed

IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR -1983 Congress bans sending funding to Contras in Nicaragua. - Through secret arms sales with Iran, administration continues secret mission funding Contras. This became public in 1986 and Marine Colonel Oliver North and other top aides take blame. -Most serious criticism Reagan administration faces. President accepts responsibility but never admits to ordering aides to support Contras. - Despite scandal Reagan leaves office with high approval ratings.

BELL RINGER 3/24 During the 1980 s, President Ronald Reagan used the ideas of supply-side economics to justify 1)increases in social welfare spending 2)expansion of the Social Security program 3)tax cuts for businesses 4)reductions in military spending

BELL RINGER 3/27 When John Marshall was Chief Justice, United States Supreme Court decisions tended to strengthen the power of 1)the National Government 2)state and local governments 3)labor unions 4)trusts and monopolies

COLD WAR ENDS -George H. W. Bush Elected President in 1988. -November 9, 1989 Berlin Wall falls. -Within months Communist party was in collapse, one year later Germany Unified. -By end of 1991 Soviet Union did not exist, replaced with a loose alliance. -START I 1991: Agreement between US and Russia to dramatically reduce nuclear weapons supplies.

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT 1990 - This ensured that persons with disabilities would receive the same opportunities in employment and access to public places and transportation as all Americans. - This benefitted 43 million Americans and was another step to protect the rights of all Americans.

BELL RINGER 3/28 According to the 1990 census, which two areas of the United States include the most densely populated parts of the nation? 1)the Great Plains and Texas 2)the Northeast and southern California 3)the South and the Rocky Mountain states 4)the Appalachian states and the Midwest

PERSIAN GULF WAR -August 1990 Iraq headed by Saddam Hussein invades neighbor Kuwait. -Iraq wanted Kuwait’s vast oil supply. -United Nations spearheaded by the US and President George Bush launch a military offensive to liberate Kuwait (Operation Desert Storm). -Under control of General Colin Powell UN forces drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait within 42 days.

1992 ELECTION -Very rare 3 person race between incumbent George Bush (R), Bill Clinton (D), and Ross Perot (I). -Clinton wins election receiving 43% of vote. Perot received 20 million votes, many would have otherwise voted Republican. - Free trade, health care and welfare reform, tough stance on crime major issues Clinton campaigned on.

BELL RINGER 3/29 Which geographic factor had the greatest influence on early patterns of industrialization in the United States? 1)scarcity of flat land on which to build factories 2)shortages of timber and coal 3)desire of workers to live in mild climates 4)availability of waterpower to operate machines

BELL RINGER 3/30 One way in which the United States Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation was that the Constitution 1)created a national government having three branches 2)provided for the direct election of the President by the voters 3)made the amendment process more difficult 4)increased the powers of the states

INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA - - In 1992 US leads multinational force, later joined by the UN, to try and bring about peace in the civil war and distribute food. Civil war brought widespread famine and bloodshed. By 1994, US, UN, and coalition withdraw from country after sustaining heavy casualties. War dragged on for several ore years.

BELL RINGER 3/31 The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between 1)free speech and governmental authority 2)the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused 3)state powers and Federal powers 4)religious freedom and separation of church and state

INTERVENTION IN THE BALKANS - - Collapse of communism broke up the country of Yugoslavia. Civil war broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of ethnic and religious rivalries. State sanctioned mass murder and violence was ordered (ethnic cleansing). NATO forces in 1995 intervened and started bombing Serbian strongholds which resulted in a cease-fire but peace didn’t solve problems of region.

CLINTON IMPEACHED -Dec. 1998: In his second term Clinton will first deny then admit to having an inappropriate relationship with a white house intern. -He is charged with perjury and obstruction of justice. Only 2 nd Pres to be impeached. -Many people believed he committed offenses but not “high crimes and misdemeanors”. -Senate trial concluded Feb 1999 with the President acquitted of his charges.

BELL RINGER 3/31 One direct result of the Persian Gulf War was that the United States 1)gained control of oil resources in the Middle East 2)liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control 3)brought about peaceful relations between Israel and its neighbors 4)obtained overseas colonies in the Middle East

2000 ELECTION -Texas Governor George W. Bush v. Vice President Al Gore. -Very close election with Florida count still undecided, a recount was then ordered by law. -Florida was a battleground of politicians, lawyers, and the media to determine who the President was going to be.

BUSH V. GORE -Supreme Court in 5 -4 ruling will discontinue the recount ordered by the Florida Supreme Court. -- This will give Bush the victory. -Gore will win the popular vote but lose the election. -Electoral votes: Bush 271, Gore 266.

BELL RINGER 4/6 The Supreme Court cases of Tinker v. Des Moines and New Jersey v. TLO involved the issue of 1)freedom of the press 2)the rights of students in school 3)freedom of religion 4)the rights of prison inmates

- - - NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT 2002 Legislation to schools was tied to academic achievement. Act penalized schools that did not reach federal performance standards. Called for improving teacher quality and other reforms.

BELL RINGER 4/8 The widespread use of computers has led to a national concern over 1)increased pollution of the environment 2)guarding the right to privacy 3)protection of the right to petition 4)a decline in television viewing

ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY POST 9/11 -Congress passes the USA Patriot Act to give law enforcement broader powers to monitor suspected terrorists. -Critics of legislation claimed it violated peoples civil liberties. -Many Americans at the time were willing to give up some freedoms in return for improved security.

BELL RINGER 4/11 A major reason for the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to 1)discourage United States trade with Latin America 2)defend the Panama Canal from Great Britain 3)prevent further European colonization in the Caribbean region 4)provide economic aid to Latin American nations

ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY POST 9/11 -Congress approved the creation of a new Cabinet level called the Department of Homeland Security. - This new department coordinated security matters among federal, state, and local agencies.

WAR ON TERROR IN IRAQ - - March 19 th, 2003 US and British forces invade Iraq. Many people believed that Iraq was building weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Saddam Hussein was ousted from power and in 2006 was tried and executed. Iraq gov’t formed a constitution and democracy. 2008 Senate intelligence Committee report determines there was no credible evidence supporting Iraq had WMD’s or had ties to terrorists.

BELL RINGER 4/12 From 1900 to 1915, a basic aim of United States foreign policy was to 1)develop close economic ties with African nations 2)oppose revolutionary movements in western Europe 3)promote United States influence in Latin America 4)prevent the spread of communism in western Europe and Asia

BELL RINGER 4/13 Which statement is most accurate about the economy of the United States during the 1970’s and early 1980’s? 1)The increased cost of imported oil hurt economic growth. 2)The Federal budget was balanced. 3)Inflation declined sharply throughout these years. 4)The number of jobs in farming increased while service jobs decreased.

FINANCIAL CRISIS -Sept 2008 stock market plunges and country faces worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. -Many unemployed could not afford there homes and they were foreclosed. Banking industry suffered because of unwise mortgage lending. -$700 billion bailout to banks was given to banks that engaged in risky lending, this was called Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). -Public outrage over taxpayer money to bailout banks ensued after people found out that many bank executives did not spend the money the way they were supposed to and got raises.

BARACK OBAMA PRESIDENCY -Obama beats John Mc. Cain to become 44 th president. 1 st ever African American to become President. -Hillary Clinton is appointed Secretary of State, she ran against Obama in the Democratic primary. -Sonia Sotomayor appointed to the Supreme Court in 2009 becoming first Hispanic to be on the court.

BELL RINGER 4/14 The Mayflower Compact is important to the concept of a democratic society because it represents 1)an effort by the colonists to use force to resist the King 2)a clear step toward self-government 3)an early attempt to establish universal suffrage 4)an attempt by the colonists to establish freedom of religion

HEALTH CARE REFORM -March 2010 Congress passes the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. -This became known as “Obamacare” and was the most significant federal healthcare legislation since Medicare. -Coverage extended to uninsured people and also prevents insurance companies from denying coverage to patients with preexisting medical conditions. -provided subsidies to help low income earners buy insurance. - critics said it was too expensive, gave the government to much power, and put a burden on small businesses.

BELL RINGER 4/15 What was an immediate effect of the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825? 1)Prices increased for food products along the Atlantic Coast. 2)Farmers could more easily ship grain to eastern markets. 3)A territorial conflict began with Canada over the Great Lakes. 4)Railroads were forced to reduce their shipping rates.