Bell ringer 1 Define cellular respiration 2 Use

Bell ringer: 1. Define cellular respiration 2. Use words to describe the input and output of photosynthesis 3. What do CAM plants do during the night? 4. Explain what happens in that step? (refer to question 3) 5. Where does cellular respiration occur ?

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? • • • Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain

Anaerobic Processes • No oxygen is required for these processes. • Includes glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, and fermentation. • Some bacteria and yeast are examples of anaerobes. http: //www. biol. vt. edu/research/images/C. _perfringens_in_mac. _jpg. jpg http: //www. utoronto. ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201. jpg

Aerobic process • Oxygen is required for these processes. • Includes the Krebs cycle (AKA the citric acid cycle) and the electron transport chain

Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytoplasm. • Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate • 2 ATP molecules are formed. § The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/enyld 1. gif the Krebs cycle.

Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display inputs Glycolysis outputs glucose 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP total 2 9 ATP net gain

Bell ringer: 11/14/2018 1. How many ATP are produced at the end of glycolysis? (total amount of ATP) 2. What is the Net ATP gained? 3. What else is produced at the end of glycolysis? 4. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?

Fermentation • An anaerobic process that reduces pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO 2 NADH passes its electrons to pyruvate Alcoholic fermentation, carried out by yeasts, produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol • • – • Lactic acid fermentation, carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate) – • Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads. Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut. Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, including isopropanol, butyric acid, proprionic acid, and acetic acid. 12

Fermentation • Advantages – Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. • Disadvantages – Lactate is toxic to cells. – Lactate changes p. H and causes muscles to fatigue. – Oxygen debt and cramping • Efficiency of Fermentation – Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is equivalent to 14. 6 kcal. 13

Products of Fermentation Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction

Efficiency of Fermentation Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inputs Fermentation glucose 2 ADP + 2 P 17 2 outputs 2 lactate or 2 alcohol and 2 CO 2 ATP net gain

Bell ringer: (write the questions) 1. What are some uses of fermentation? 2. True/false Fermentation is a Aerobic process 3. How many ATPs are produced during fermentation 4. How does fermentation help and affect our bodies?

Yikes! There’s another cycle? • Yes. The Krebs cycle. • The Krebs cycle is where energy is released. Kind of like the Calvin Cycle in reverse…

What happens during the Krebs cycle? • Energy is freed from the chemical bonds. The excited electrons are FREEE! • The electrons make ATP. • Carbon dioxide is released. You get rid of it by exhaling…

Glucose Breakdown: The Citric Acid Cycle l l l l A. Krebs cycle Occurs in matrix of mitochondria Begins by the addition of a two-carbon acetyl group to a fourcarbon molecule (oxaloacetate), forming a six-carbon molecule (citric acid) NADH, FADH 2 capture energy rich electrons ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Turns twice for one glucose molecule. Produces 4 CO 2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH 2 (per glucose molecule) 21

The Citric Acid Cycle Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis glucose pyruvate Preparatory reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ATP total 2 ATP net 2 ADP 2 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by Co. A combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. ATP 32 ADP or 34 NADH 32 ATP or 34 NAD+ citrate C 6 CO 2 Co. A 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. ketoglutarate C 5 acetyl Co. A Citric acid cycle oxaloacetate C 4 NAD+ NADH 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. succinate C 4 NAD+ CO 2 fumarate C 4 FAD 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 ATP 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP.

Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inputs Citric acid cycle outputs 4 CO 2 6 NADH 2 acetyl groups 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 2 ADP + 2 P 2 FADH 2 2 ATP 23

Bell ringer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the products of the kreb cycle? Where does the Kreb cycle occur? (be specific) Where does glycolysis occur? What is formula for cellular respiration? True/False plants can do photosynthesis and cellular respiration 24

Electron Transport Chain l Location: l l l Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane Series of carrier molecules: l l Pass energy rich electrons successively from one to another Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes l l Cytochromes are respiratory molecules Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center Receives electrons from NADH & FADH 2 l Produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation l Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor l l Oxygen ion combines with hydrogen ions to form water 25

Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield l Net yield per glucose: l From glycolysis – 2 ATP l From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP l From electron transport chain – 32 ATP l Energy content: l Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal l Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal l Efficiency 39%; balance is waste heat 26

Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytoplasm glucose 2 net ATP glycolysis 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 4 or 6 ATP 18 ATP 4 ATPP Mitochondrion 2 acetyl Co. A 2 CO 2 2 ATP Citric acid cycle 4 CO 2 2 6 O 2 subtotal 4 Electron transport chain 2 pyruvate 6 H 2 O subtotal 32 or 34 ATP 36 or 38 total ATP 27

Where do the electrons go? • On the train! • The electrons get to ride the electron transport train, the Final step in the breakdown of glucose. • Point at which ATP is produced

What happens to ADP on the train? • Ions rush back and forth and spin the ADP in circles. • This creates enough energy to produce three molecules of ATP per molecule of ADP. • ATP and ADP are special molecules that store energy

Complementary processes • Photosynthesis is an important part of the carbon cycle. • The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes, meaning they work together to benefit living organisms.

Plants and animals contribute… • Autotrophs, such as plants, produce glucose using the carbon in carbon dioxide. • Both autotrophs and heterotrophs, such as grasshoppers that eat plants, use those carbohydrates in cellular respiration. • Respiration, in turn, produces carbon dioxide.

Energy renewal • Energy captured from sunlight by photosynthetic organisms is used and released in the cellular respiration of living things. • The energy that living things use, must continually be renewed through photosynthesis.

Quiz 1. Where does cellular respiration take place? 2. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 3. What are the products of cellular respiration? 4. What is the Krebs Cycle? 5. What happens during the Krebs Cycle? 6. What is the net gain of electrons in Glycolysis? 7. How much ATP is produced from one molecule of ADP? 8. What happens at night during CAM photosynthesis? 9. List the three phases in photosynthesis 10. List an advantage and disadvantage of fermentation

Bell ringer (write the questions) 1. How many ATP are produced at the end of the ETC? 2. why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered a complimentary process? 3. How much ATP is produced by one ADP molecule? 4. In what part of the mitochondria does the ETC occr?

• Now create a diagram, that represents the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration (the carbon cycle). • Diagram must include at least one autotroph and one heterotroph. • Illustrate and label the stages. • Title: Photosynthesis/Respiration