BEHAVIOURISM This approach explains how organisms learn new

BEHAVIOURISM

� This approach explains how organisms learn new behaviours/modify existing ones. � Reward /punishment � Overt behaviour took in concideration-not internal conditions � Psychology as an objective study of behaviouranimal and human being both � Learning takes place through S-R bonds � Major exponents J. B watson, Pavlov, Skinner , Thorndike etc. � Environment has great influence-Watson’s comment

� More teacher centered � Content oriented � Learning is mechanical-without repetition and proper conditionig, students will make mistakes. � Lerner is reciever of knowledge� Role of the behaviourist teacher-providing stimulus material and prompting the correct response. Two types of conditioning are there A: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING B: OPERANT CONDITIONING

A: Classical conditioning/Conditioned Response. Theory-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov � Stimulus: Anything that may have an impact or influence on a system. Ex: -Food, water, sound unconditioned stimulus(UCS): natural stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a reflexive /innate response without prior learning. Unconditioned response(UCR): Natural response a reflexive/innate response that is elicited by a stimulus without prior learning. Learning is concidered as habit formation: association&modification

1: -Before conditioning: Tone => No salivation response UCS(food)Natural stimulus=>natural response UCR(salivation) 2: -During conditioning: CS(tone)+UCS(food) => UCR(salivation) 3: -After Conditioning: CS(tone) => CR(salivation) “Natural stimulus is substituted with artificial stimulus that generates the same response as of natural stimulus”

B: Operant Conditioning-B. F Skinner � Skinner box-rat xpl Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it(skinner, 1938). � Operant-organism environment operating on its

Reinforcement and punishment �Reinforcement: A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it. �Punishment: A reponse is weakend by an out come that follows it.

� The five major operant processes are listed below. 1: positive reinforcement: - when a response is strengthened by the presentation of a stimulus. Ex: - Rat presses a lever(response)-food pellet appear(stimulus)-liver pressing increases(result).

2: Negative reinforcement: -a response is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus. . Ex: -person takes aspirin-an aversive stimulus is removed(Headache pain goes away)-increased tendency to take aspirin for headache relief.

3: operant extinction: the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response bcs it is no longer reinforced. ex: -Rat presses a lever(response), no food pellets(stimulus) –lever pressing decreases(response).

4: Positive punishment(aversive punishment/Pby aplcn): -presentation of something unpleasant to decrease the probability of the reoccurrence of a behavior. Ex: -two siblings fight over a toy – (A. S)parents scold-fighting decreases(response).

5: Negative punishment ( Response cost, P by removal): removal of something pleasant to decrease/weaken the behaviour expressed Ex: -two sibilings fight over a toy-a stimulus is removed(no tv for 1 week). responce(fighting decreases)

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Stimulus oriented Response oriented Emphasis on stimulus substitution Connects b/w stimulus and response Elicited response : reflex like response triggered by CS. (reflex like-salivation &f ear) Natural S and Neutral S are paired Response modification b/w response and reinforcement Emitted response(voluntary) lever pressing. Response operates on the environment. Response and reinforcement are

Shedules of reinforcement 1 -continuous reinforcement: Every response of a particular type is reinforced. 2 -fixed intervel: fixed time-> based on the passage of time. 3 -fixed ratio : a certain percentage of responses are reinforced. 4: variable reinforcement: varies the time and response.