BEHAVIOURISM COGNITIVISM CONSTRUCTIVISM How Learning Occurs Focus is

BEHAVIOURISM COGNITIVISM CONSTRUCTIVISM How Learning Occurs Focus is on building on what learners know, incrementally learning facts and getting to the point where responses are automatic (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Learners take in new information, connect it to their existing knowledge, and store it in meaningful, individual frameworks called schema (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Learners actively construct their own knowledge from experience (Bednar et al. , 1991, as cited in Ertmer & Newby, 2013) and collaborative interactions in meaningful contexts (Hein, 1991). What Teachers Do Create the conditions for mastery of information acquisition and reinforce positive performance (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Use strategies that help learners relate information to prior knowledge and help learners develop schema to store what they are learning (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Set up situations that involve learners in real problems and encourage learners to refine their understanding and responses (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). How Learning is Assessed Learners demonstrate knowledge using tools that measure right and wrong answers, such as multiple choice tests and drag and drop exercises. (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Learners play an active role in assessing the extent to which they have internalized new ideas and the strengths and weaknesses of their learning strategies (Ertmer & Newby, 2013) The focus is on responding in new and authentic situations (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). What Feedback Does Reinforces positive performance and the acquisition of discrete knowledge and skills. (Ertmer and Newby, 2013) Encourages learners to assess and refine their learning and storage processes. (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Comes from the environment as learners self assess their responses to novel situations. Input from knowledge communities assists learners to refine their understanding (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). References Ertmer, P. A. , & Newby, T. J. (2013). Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing Critical Features from an instructional Design Perspective. Retrieved from: https: //www. uwplatt. edu/files/ttc/idarticle. pdf Hein, G. (1991). Constructivist Learning Theory. Retrieved from: http: //www. exploratorium. edu/education/ifi/constructivist-learning