Behavioral Views of Learning Cluster 6 Modules 16

Behavioral Views of Learning Cluster 6 Modules 16 – 18 Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition ISBN 0137144547 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Focus Questions n n n What is learning? What are the similarities and differences among contiguity, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning? What are examples of four different kinds of consequences that can follow any behavior, and what effect is each likely to have on future behavior? How could you use applied behavior analysis (group consequences, contingency contracts, token economies, or functional behavioral analysis) to solve common academic or behavior problems? What is cognitive behavior modification, and how does it apply to teaching? Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

What Would You Do? n n n See “Teacher’s Casebook” on p. 239 How would you approach this situation? Which problem behaviors would you tackle first? Would giving rewards or administering punishments be useful in this situation? Why or why not? Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 3 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding Learning n Learning occurs when experience causes a relatively permanent change in behavior n n May be deliberate or unintentional May be correct, or incorrect Effects of external events on behavior Does not include maturation or temporary conditions like hunger or illness Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 4 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding Learning n Neuroscience of Behavioral Learning n Influence on specific parts of the brain Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 5 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding Learning n Learning Is Not Always What It Seems n n Associations Conditioning Contiguity Observational Learning Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 6 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Early Explanations of Learning: Contiguity and Classical Conditioning n n n n Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Response Learning of involuntary emotional or physiological responses Humans and Animals can be trained to react involuntarily Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 7 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses n Learning by strengthening voluntary behaviors n n Operants Antecedents Consequences Reinforcers Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 8 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Operant Conditioning n n Reinforcement always increases a desired behavior Punishment always decreases an undesired behavior Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 9 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses n n Learning by strengthening voluntary behaviors Positive Reinforcement n n Negative Reinforcement n n Increases a behavior by adding a desired consequence Increases a behavior by adding an undesired consequence Punishment n n Presentation Removal Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 10 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 11 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses n Reinforcement Schedules n n n Continuous Intermittent Interval Ratio See Table 16. 1, p. 249 Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 12 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses n n Extinction Cueing Prompting Stimulus Control Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 13 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Applied Behavior Analysis n n Behavior Modification Using behaviorism to improve behaviors by increasing desired behaviors or reducing undesired ones n n n Clearly specify behavior to be modified Plan specific intervention Keep track of results Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 14 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Premack Principle n n Reinforcers exist all over High frequency behavior can be a reinforcer for a low frequency behavior n n “Do what I want, then you can do what you want” Low frequency behavior must happen first Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 15 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Shaping and Positive Practice n Shaping n n Using reinforcers to shape behavior Positive Practice n Practicing the correct behavior as soon and as much as possible Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 16 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Handling Undesirable Behavior n n Negative Reinforcement Reprimands Response Cost Social Isolation Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 17 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Putting It All Together: Behavioral Approaches To Teaching And Management n n n Group Consequences Contingency Contracts Token Reinforcements n Important to be sure that teaching methods and practices are accurate Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 18 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 19 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavior Supports n Problem Behaviors Fall Into 4 Categories n n Need for attention Escape from unpleasant situation Gain item or activity Meet sensory need Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 20 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavior Supports n Functional Behavior Assessments n n Understand WHY behaviors happen ABC observation Same behaviors do not serve same purpose for all students Provide behavior supports Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 21 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Challenges to Behavioral Views: Thinking About Behavior n n n Social Learning Theory Learning and Performance Enactive and Vicarious Learning n n Enactive Learning: learning by doing and experiencing Vicarious Learning: learning by observing others Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 22 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Elements of Observational Learning n n Attention Retention Production Motivation and Reinforcement Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 23 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Self Management n n n Goal Setting Monitoring and Evaluating Progress Self-Reinforcement Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 24 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Problems and Issues n n Criticisms of Behavioral Models Ethical Issues n n Goals Strategies Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 25 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Diversity and Convergences n n Diversity in history of students Convergences n n No one repeats punished behaviors Positive consequences likely to cause repeat behavior Teachers fail to recognize appropriate behavior Praise must be sincere Educational Psychology, ALE, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0135094100 26 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.