Behavioral Economics Introduction to Behavioral Economics by William

Behavioral Economics Introduction to Behavioral Economics by William Bosshardt and Andrea Caceres-Santamaria

Definition • Behavioral economics uses variants of traditional economic assumptions (often with a psychological motivation) to explain and predict behavior, and to provide policy prescriptions. (Laibson & List, 2015) Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 2

Two Systems: Kahneman • System 1 – “operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. ” • System 2 – “allocates attention to the effortful activities that demand it, including complex computations. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of … choice. ” Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 3

System 1 vs. System 2 System 1 System 2 Emotional Analytic Fast Slow Reflexive Reflective Effortless Effortful Impulsive Deliberative Short-sighted Patient Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 4

The Issue • Econs – weigh the costs and benefits of alternatives before making their choices. • Humans – use costs and benefits but can be influenced by other factors when making choices. Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 5

Principles of Behavioral Economics • People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed. Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 6

Principles of Behavioral Economics • People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed. • Although we mostly care about our own material payoffs, we also care about the actions, intentions, and payoffs of others. Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 7

Principles of Behavioral Economics • People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed. • Although we mostly care about our own material payoffs, we also care about the actions, intentions, and payoffs of others. • People care (in part) about how their circumstances compare to reference points. Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 8

Principles of Behavioral Economics • People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed. • Although we mostly care about our own material payoffs, we also care about the actions, intentions, and payoffs of others. • People care (in part) about how their circumstances compare to reference points. • People have self-control problems. Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 9

Why Do We Need to Understand Behavioral Economics? • People make mistakes when faced with certain types of decisions. • By understanding when they are likely to make mistakes, people can avoid errors. • Being a good economist means understanding when we are likely to be human! Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 10

Comparing Econs and Humans Lesson Econs Humans 1 Use system 2 for all their decisions. Use system 1 to make many routine decisions. 2 3 4 5 Carefully weigh costs and benefits Make decisions on past experience or quick to make decisions. judgments. Are not subject to cognitive biases Are subject to cognitive biases when making decisions and so may use anchors and fall into relativity traps. Make decisions by weighing costs Tend to weigh losses greater than gains. and benefits equally. Are not influenced by their current Tend to bias to the default or to things they situation when making decisions. already have. May discount costs and benefits May have self-control problems and discount the that occur in the future too much or be subject to present bias, causing inconsistent decisions. Only use costs and benefits to May make decisions based on fairness or for other make decisions. emotional factors such as whether work is meaningful. Introduction to Behavioral Economics www. Econ. Ed. Link. org 11