Bed Bug Updates Dr Susan C Jones Professor

Bed Bug Updates Dr. Susan C. Jones Professor of Entomology

The Most Bed Bug-Infested Cities in the U. S. http: //www. pctonline. com/article/Terminix-top-15 -bed-bug-cities-2016

Can you imagine sleeping in these conditions?

August 2010 CDC & EPA Joint Statement Bed bugs are a pest of significant public health importance! http: //www. cdc. gov/nceh/ehs/Publications/Bed_Bugs_CDC-EPA_Statement. htm http: //www. epa. gov/pesticides/bedbugs/

Health Effects from Bed Bugs • Skin reactions (7 of 10 people on avg. ) • Redness • Welts • Itching • Secondary bacterial infections • Anemia • Asthma • Anaphylactic shock • Psychological effects • Sleeplessness • Agitation • Anxiety • Insecticide exposure • …

Known Disease-Transmitting Hemipterans (True Bugs) Reduviidae: triatomine bugs (kissing bugs) § Transmit Chagas disease via feces § Defecate on host while feeding § Transmission occurs when feces are rubbed into bite wound or mucous membrane (cdc. gov) biologyacademie. blogspot. com

Bed Bugs’ Role in Disease § Carry 40+ human pathogens (Goddard and de. Shazo 2009) § Recent studies have targeted specific pathogens • HIV (Webb et al. 1989) • Hepatitis B, C (Blow et al. 2001, • • Silverman et al. 2001) Bacteria (Lowe and Romney 2011, Cockburn et al. 2013, Leuimi et al. 2015) Trypanosoma cruzi (Blakely et al. 2014, Salazar et al. 2015) Delaunay et al. 2011

Bed Bugs and Trench Fever The bacterium was detected in the feces and bodies (digestive tract) of bed bugs at the 3 rd day post -infection, and it persisted for ~2. 5 weeks.

Bed Bugs and Chagas Disease --Most bed bugs that fed on experimentally infected mice acquired the T. cruzi parasite, which is the causal agent of Chagas disease. --Uninfected mice became infected with T. cruzi after being fed on by infected bugs. Salazar et al.

— OSU Research— Courtney L. Darrington MS, OSU Department of Entomology (2015) Materials & Methods § Hemotek artificial feeder § Warms blood in reservoirs § Parafilm membrane § Defibrinated rabbit blood § Rattus norvegicus (naked rats) § Wire mesh tubes w/ snap cap ends

— OSU Research— Courtney L. Darrington MS, OSU Department of Entomology (2015) § Bed bugs defecate in close proximity to their feeding site (≤ 1 inch]) § Artificial feeder § Live host (naked rats) § Bed bugs defecate soon after feeding (a few secs to mins) § Repletion status greatly influences whether bugs defecate § Defecation index (DI) for adult bed bugs suggests a high potential to infect a host Higher DI of female bed bugs supports suggestion in triatomines that females are the most epidemiologically important stage

Some Basics of Bed Bug Management • Early detection and treatment are very important. • Bed bug control typically is much faster and less expensive when the infestation is detected early.

The Bed Bug Factor!!!! Unfed adults: ~1/4 to 3/8 inch long § Only feed on blood § Prefer humans § Alternate hosts—dogs, cats, rats, birds, etc. § Typically feed at night § Cause significant economic, physical, & mental distress Total developmental time (egg to adult): 0. 2 inch 21 days @ 86 F 120 days @ 65 F bedbugfoundation. org

Some bed bug hiding places Behind A Hanging Picture In Carpeting In Furniture In Electrical Outlets

starved bugs can survive for a long time: 96 95 100 Home vacated: late August 2012 Home temperature: 65 -70°F (18 -21°C) Live adults for ~145 days 80 1 st stage nymph 3 rd stage nymph 70 Live immature bed bugs for ~110 days 60 50 adult male 40 30 14 2 nd Cirkil treatment (1. 63 gal Cirkil CX + 0. 13 gal RTU) 3 rd Cirkil treatment (5 gal Cirkil CX + 0. 38 gal RTU) 4 th Cirkil treatment (5 gal Cirkil CX + 0. 58 gal RTU) 21 14 d 28 d 0 0 0 13 7 d 01 -18 -13 11 -21 -12 11 -07 -12 10 -24 -12 1 st Cirkil treatment (3. 5 gal Cirkil CX + 0. 17 gal RTU) 0 d 1 0 2 d d 1 58 d 1 55 d d 30 d d 2 1 0 42 1 0 28 1 21 3 d d 13 7 d 2 d d 14 d 13 7 d 1 Pr 2 d trt 0 e- 2 1 14 4 d 3 13 5 7 d 10 2 d 10 d 20 14 Total number of bugs in detectors 90 Total volume Cirkil applied: 15. 13 gal CX + 1. 26 gal RTU d

Bed bug movement in vacant home— Assessment with Monitoring Devices 8 Verifis contained a total of 58 bed bugs (all stages) from living room, dining room, guest and master bedrooms Key 19 6 1 cc ll oo ss ee tt 5 live dead live 15 live live bed live dead live live 7 Climb. Up Verifi live 11 dead live dead live Guest Bedroom Master live Bedroom 7 Bath 3 bed dead live 1 Living Room live dead live closet dead stairs to basement dead 2 dead recliner Monitors in place for 9 d 19 Dining Room 4 Climb. Ups contained a Kitchen total of 38 bed bugs (all stages) from master bedroom only

--Bed Bug Hitchhikers— in shoe tread s g u b d e b 3 1 Total of

--Passive Monitoring Devices-- Sticky Traps w o l e av h s s s p e a r n t e y v i k t c c i. s fe St f g e u f b o d s l e e b g lev n i r u pt a c in Bed Bug Pitfall Traps Climb. Up Interceptor bed leg Lights. Out Interceptor BB Stop Pitfall Trap

--Active Monitoring Device-- Sen. Sci Activ. Volcano monitor • Volcano can be used alone as a passive monitoring device • Volcano with the Activ lure is an active monitoring device • Lure mimics chemicals on the surface of human skin to attract bed bugs • Lure inside packet and absorbed in a towelette (~$3 for Activ lure) • Volcano has clear underside for ease of inspection (esp. when lure isn’t used) • Virtually maintenance free (no dust) Photos courtesy of Jeffrey White (Bed. Bug Central)

--Active Monitoring Device-- Verifi Bed Bug Detector PITFALL A CO 2 BOOSTER PACK (lasts for 24 hours) B 3 in (6 cm) 4 in LURE (lasts for 90 days) --Pheromone chamber (10. 5 cm) (mimics bed bug aggregation scent) --Kairomone chamber (mimics host odor) C PITFALL D HARBORAGE E ADHESIVE ured t c a f anu m r e ng ) No lo (2015 front view (cut away) 5 in (12 cm) back view http: //www. fmcprosolutions. com/Bed. Bugs/Property. Manager/Home. aspx

--Active Monitoring Tool-- Bed Bug-Sniffing Dogs • Dog and handler should be specially trained and certified • Enable rapid inspections • Useful for large-scale inspections • Expensive • Much variability among canine detection firms (10– 100% accuracy; mean accuracy 44%; 15% false positives [Cooper et al. 2014 JEE 107: 2171 -2181])

Treatment Options • Heat treatment (whole structure, container) • Insecticides • Residual products (dust, liquid, aerosols) • Fumigation (sulfuryl fluoride)

Whole Room Heat Treatment s s e c o r p r u o h 8 • Typically a 6] C º 2. 7 5 [ F º 5 3 1 • Temperature: an f o t s o c e h t e r o • Double or m nt e m t a e r t e id ic t c inse so n io t c e t o r p l a u • Offers no resid ide ic t c e s in n a e d lu useful to inc

DDT and other synthetic insecticides with long-lasting residual were very effective in controlling bed bugs. in l e n n a h c 0 s n o 5 i 9 m 1 u e i t y i l d s r o a s e v e i d t cto DDT tes – a a g 0 e l 4 e p i 9 g c a 1 n t therepsriistancse. The vloalte ranes is d id e o b r p h m t o e l e r e m y v nedrvbeugs der DDT and p fo be

Some pyrethroid alternatives for use against bed bugs: Active Ingredient (insecticide class) Product Name(s) Imidacloprid + ß-cyfluthrin (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid) Temprid® SC Chlorfenapyr (halogenated pyrrole) Phantom® SC Phantom® PI Acetamiprid + bifenthrin (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid) Thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid) Dinotefuran + diatomaceous earth (neonicotinoid + silica dioxide) Amorphous silica gel Transport® Mikron Transport® GHP Tandem® Prescription Treatment Alpine® Dust Alpine® PI Cime. Xa™

70 60 Pyrethroid susceptible 50 40 30 20 10 0 Initial 1 d Fabric 50 70 60 50 bugs 40 30 20 10 0 40 1 d 3 d 7 d Plywood 60 50 40 30 30 Pyrethroid resistant bugs 20 20 10 Pyrethroid susceptible bugs Initial 7 d Mean percent moribund/dead 100 60 3 d Mean percent moribund/dead Mean percent moribund/dead — OSU Research Results — Results: 24 hours of contact with dried, 1 -mo-old aged residues caused rapid death of susceptible bed Bed bug mortality after 24 hrs of contact with aged bugs, but not highly pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs. residues (1 -mo old) of 3 combination insecticides: Results: Fewer bed bugs died when exposed to 1 mo-old aged residues on plywood compared to 100 90 90 fabric. Substrate affects insecticide performance. 80 80 Pyrethroid resistant bugs 10 0 0 Initial 1 d 3 d 7 d

susceptible bed bug strain resistant bed bug strain

Rutgers Univ. 2014 Study Percentage of dead bed bug nymphs at 10 days after being directly sprayed Two synthetic pesticides that ARE regulated by EPA Eleven natural pesticides that ARE NOT regulated by EPA

Some Basics of Bed Bug Management Using Insecticides • There is no single “magic bullet” • Bed bug control typically takes several treatments (average of 3 trts) • It is important to use several different formulations, and often, several different insecticides • A residual insecticide is necessary • Don’t keep using the same insecticide (rotate insecticide use)

What shouldn’t you do for a bed bug problem? Typically, you shouldn’t dispose of furniture. • Bed bugs will fall off the furniture as you are moving it, hence spreading the problem. • Infested furniture usually can be treated. • Bed bugs can quickly infest replacement furniture. • Items placed on the curb often are picked up and reused, thereby spreading bed bugs to other households.

Over-the-Counter Foggers (“Bug Bombs”) “Kills on contact” “Effective long-term control” “Kills on contact” “Kills flying, crawling, and biting insects” “Kills on contact” “Kills bugs you see, kills see!” bugs you don’t see!”

Alaska prohibits “bug bombs” for bed bugs

cockroach feces bed bugs nearby cockroach shed skin

--A pictorial guide for recognizing bed bugs and other household pests --Information on integrated pest management strategies

www. centralohiobedbugs. org

SUMMIT 2015

SUMMIT 2016 Friday, September 9 th, 2016 Ohio Department of Transportation 1980 W. Broad St. Columbus, OH 43223

Thank You! Sleep tight, and don’t let the … … well, you know the rest