Becoming a World Power Foreign policy 1890 1917
Becoming a World Power Foreign policy 1890 -1917
Imperialism Policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations: economically, politically, culturally or militarily
Monroe Doctrine Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the U. S. would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere
Manifest Destiny Argument that it was the undeniable fate of the U. S. to expand across North America
U. S. Expansion 1890 – U. S. practices Monroe Doctrine 1867 Alaska purchased from Russia (“Seward’s Folly”…yeah right!) 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Tokyo Bay and demands Japan trade with his expedition 1867 U. S. annexes Midway Islands in the Pacific 1887 Hawaii seized by force; Queen overthrown 1893; annexed 1898 Boxer Rebellion in China; 1900 send troops
Why Expand? Closing the American Frontier • Frederick Turner Jackson “Frontier Thesis” Promote economic growth • New markets abroad • Investments abroad National security • Rebuild U. S. Navy; acquire bases overseas • Show U. S. military might – Great White Fleet 1907 -1909 • Protect U. S. interests around the world Rekindle the American spirit • Losing a race to Europe • Create Nationalism
Results of Expansion By 1900 The U. S. adopts an “outward looking” foreign policy Ultimately - new policy leads to U. S. becoming political, economic and military leader in 20 th century Leads to entanglement in other nation’s affairs and bloody overseas conflicts and wars
Setting the Stage for War 1891 -Chilean mob attacks group of sailors kills 2, injures 17; forced to pay a fine of $75, 000 1893 -Rebellion threatens Brazil, Pres. Cleveland sends navy to protect shipping interests Test of the Monroe Doctrine: land dispute between Britain (British controlled B. Guiana) and Venezuela 1895, U. S. demands Britain submit to Monroe Doctrine and arbitration: settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision
The Cuban Rebellion 1868 -1878 rebellion, ends with Spain still in control 1895 -economy crashes, leads to rebellion; Spanish use policy of reconcentration; kill 200, 000 Cubans want U. S. to enter the fight, to ensure this Cubans destroy American sugar, businesses pressure gov’t to act
Spanish American War “A Splendid Little War”
Steps to War Yellow Journalism: Propaganda-for rebels in Cuban fighting against Spanish Jingoism: feeling of strong national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy de Lome Letter stolen from Spanish Ambassador that said Pres. Mc. Kinley was “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”
William Mc. Kinley Beliefs Moral responsibility to Christianize and civilize those who were not Main interest – • to secure the will and interest of the average working man • The “people” should get what they want Wanted to expand the frontier – continue “manifest destiny” 1897 - 1901
The U. S. S. Maine incident 2/15/1898, explosion sinks and 250 soldiers die Probably an accident…but American citizens are outraged. Mc. Kinley uses as a reason to pursue aggressive stance towards Spain Filipinos rebelling against Spain Roosevelt sees Philippines as key to protecting U. S. -Asian trade Roosevelt secretly cables navy in Pacific to prepare against Spain, Mc. Kinley withdraws cables except one allowing Admiral Dewey to attack Spanish fleet in Philippines if war breaks out
Mc. Kinley’s War Message Mc. Kinley’s war message- written March 1898 Payment for the Maine End to reconcentration Cuban independence • Spain will accept all but last Mc. Kinley can’t ignore cries for war-April 1898 Recognizes Cuban Independence • Teller Amendment To War • “Remember the Maine”
First action (May 1 st): Admiral George Dewey attacks the Spanish Navy while at anchor in Manila Bay in the Philippines Destroys entire S. fleet 7 hrs. U. S. bottles up Spanish fleet in Santiago Bay (May) Spanish fleet attempts break-out and ALL ships are sunk- July 3 U. S. invades Cuba San Juan Hill ( July 1): Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders Santiago collapses: July 17 th Action!!!
“A Splendid Little War” The war lasts under 3 months 2500 U. S. dead; only 400 from battle-the rest from food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria and inadequate medical care 3000 U. S. wounded Demonstrates U. S. ability to project military and political power
The Treaty of Paris Cuba becomes “independent” Signed December 1898; Terms: Spain gives the U. S. the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico (after a $20 million payment); “unincorporated territories” Spain pays reparations for destruction of USS Maine and other U. S. interests U. S. demonstrates ability to force Imperial Powers of Europe to be bent to U. S. will
Presidential Foreign Policies TR, Taft, Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt 1901 -1909 Big Stick Diplomacy: Negotiate peacefully while at the same time use threat of military action “speak softly and carry a big stick” Roosevelt Corollary: added to the Monroe Doctrine-stated that the U. S. wants to see it’s neighbors do well but if they engage in activities harmful to U. S. interests the U. S. will intervene to keep other nations in the world out Under Teddy intervention became common
Intervention: Panama Canal Buys rights from French (they were there 1 st) for $40 million 1903 - aid to Panamanian rebels fighting against Columbia for independence U. S. becomes protector; gets right to control and build the canal, we pay Panama $10 million
Construction 48 miles long Elevation change of 600 ft. Work on the Canal was very dangerous 27, 000 men died Engineering marvel Built by hand/Steam engine Locks Dams 1904 -1914
Importance of the Panama Canal Strategic value • Middle of the Hemisphere Economic value • Money maker…$3 -5 per ton • Trade/Commerce Political value • Negotiate power Military power • U. S. can move fleet from Pacific to Atlantic quickly
Reaction to the Canal Leaves a legacy of ill will between the U. S. and the Latin Americans countries U. S. recognizes the illegal means which acquired the Canal Zone and they give Columbia $25 million in 1921 (After TR dies)
Roosevelt as Peacemaker Keeps open door w/China Russo-Japanese War of 1904 threatens Asian security, TR mediates peace, Japan given Korea Wins him the Nobel Peace Prize
William Howard Taft 1909 -1913 Taft’s main goals: maintain open door to Asia Preserve stability in Latin America Substitutes $ for bullets maintain orderly societies abroad through increased investment in foreign economics: Dollar Diplomacy
Did it Work? Didn’t always work- lost $ in China due to revolution 1911 Created enemies many oppose U. S. influence
Woodrow Wilson 1911 revolution in Mexico forces dictator Diaz to step down, President Madero promises democratic reforms but is overthrown in 1913 by General Huerta and had him killed American business wanted to support Huerta because they had $1 billion invested in Mexico but Wilson thinks Huerta is a butcher 1913 -1921
Wilson’s refusal to acknowledge Huerta leads to an end to dollar diplomacyreplaced with moral diplomacy Apply moral standards to foreign policy decisions Wilson backs Carranza against Huerta April 1914 American sailors arrested in Mexico, Wilson sends in navy, over 100 Mexicans die, opposing factions unite against U. S.
July 1915 Huerta resigns to Carranza Wilson withdraws navy, but intervenes against Pancho Villa (opposes Carranza)who is terrorizing Americans in Mexico and leads raids across the border, March 1916 raids in NM, burns town and kills 15
Wilson sends 5000 troops to pursue Villa, Carranza asks them to leave, battles ensue, withdraw 1917; never got Villa Moral Diplomacy fails: Mexican gov’t adopts constitution to curb foreign ownership of resources Intervention leads to anti. American feelings and sours relationship for years
- Slides: 34
