Beamline A Joint Engineering Environment and Processing Beamline

Beamline A – Joint Engineering, Environment and Processing Beamline ( JEEP ) Alexander Korsunsky Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Parks Road, Oxford OX 1 3 PJ Acknowledgments: P. J. Withers, A. Pawley, M. Henderson, P. Barnes, P. J. Webster, D. Laundy, S. Collins, G. Davis, J. Elliott, R. Lewis, M. Daymond and other members of the working group

High energy beamline for general engineering use (JEEP) Another high energy beamline for DIAMOND?

What is a modern engineer? Engineers deal with objects, either designed & manufactured, or naturally occurring, that are intended to perform a certain function in an optimal way. This function is often load bearing. An engineer in this context could be a mechanical or materials specialist, concerned with chemical or deformation processing, or with natural structures such as minerals or our bodies (bio-medical). Engineers share common goals, requirements and methods.

Modern engineer’s ideal tool ? n n n n Non-destructive / non-invasive Fast and efficient High contrast and low noise Spatially resolving down to sub-micron level Specific to chemical species Phase specific Orientation specific

Modern engineer’s ideal tool is a beam n n n Highly penetrating Suitably parallel High flux Interacting with matter on a variety of scales Moderately absorbed Efficiently detectable … a high energy synchrotron X-ray beam!

Penetration depth (mm)

JEEP: “Synchrotron-assisted engineering“ n Mission: “image and measure in situ real engineering structures” n JEEP will be the first instrument to be truly designed for engineers – will be a world beater n JEEP will offer unprecedented flexibility and range thanks to the two-hutch design philosophy n JEEP‘s sample-centred design will allow installation and use of large scale manipulation and environmental control equipment – that will match the scale of a synchrotron facility for the first time n JEEP will be a truly general purpose – operation mode and beamline optics will be tuned to the sample (physical size, microstructure, grain size, etc. )

Rise of Synchrotron Engineering Research Will synchrotron scanning for engineering continue to double every 3 years?

Percentage of publications on the strain scanning use of synchrotrons

3 D internal mapping Gauge Volume x y By scanning the object very precisely through the gauge volume it is possible to build up 3 D maps of the lattice parameter (and hence phase and strain) throughout the object. Compression Tension Compression

TEDDI Tomographic Energy-Dispersive Diffraction Imaging scan of 6× 13 mm area inside a a bulk (80 mm. thick) concrete block showing regions of aggregate (calcite, dolomite) and binding cement hydrate (portlandite, ettringite). (Paul Barnes et al. Birkbeck College & SRS)

Multi-phase reactions under high P (A. Pawley, M. Henderson et al. , SRS)

Strain scanning The atomic strain gauge - Change in spacing between the rows of atoms is recorded as a shift in the diffraction peaks

Residual stresses in gears Residual stresses are often controlled by processing in order to provide improved durability. Reliable quantification of these effects requires accurate stress mapping. The example shown is the residual stress map in a slice form a gear tooth of a large marine gear (Korsunsky et al. , Oxford & SRS, 2002)

Residual stresses in welds and weld process optimisation Welding Torch Filler Wire 2024 Plate Mechanical Constraint

Direct FE Validation Longitudinal Transverse strainininaa. TIGweld Synchrotron Model (P. J. Webster et al, Salford & ESRF)

Linear elastic fracture mechanics Understanding fatigue resistance of … and compared with theoretical structural materials is key to improved predictions of fracture mechanics. durability. Crack tip strain fields can be mapped directly in detail … (Korsunsky et al. , Oxford & ESRF, 2001)

3 D image: crack plane in Ti/Si. Cf composite (P. J. Withers et al. , ESRF, 2001)

Diffraction-enhanced imaging (R. Lewis et al. , Elettra & SRS)

Image contrast Peak of Analyser Refraction (R. Lewis et al. , Elettra & SRS)

Endobon graft (G. R. Davis, J. C. Elliott et al, QM&W)

Of beamline design Strain scanning was not envisaged on SRS or ESRF before the instruments were built n However, flexibility of the original instrument design (space, beam height, detectors, etc) meant that we could easily exploit the excellent beam characteristics n When designing instruments, make sure short term thinking does not constrain possible future users n

Referees’ views “JEEP will occupy a unique niche between lower energy XRD and neutron diffraction and will bridge the length scales accessible by those techniques” n “It is important to recognise that large sample sizes and associated equipment are key to bridging micro- and macro-scales” n “JEEP will contribute to improved engineering (decreased time-to-application) and improved predictive ability in various areas of science” n

Referees’ views “With ENGIN and JEEP the climate seems right for significant innovation and breakthroughs. At this time, the infrastructure and political will to emphasize engineering are present” n “The engineering studies will complement the time resolved work nicely and will result in tools that will shorten the development cycle” n “It is an area of obvious academic and economic impact” n “The two-hutch design will work and will allow for set-up of complex engineering experiments without interrupting the experimentalists in the first hutch” n

Referees’ views JEEP to ENGIN is like DIAMOND to ISIS n “A compelling reason for locating Diamond at RAL in the first place was the synergy between ISIS and the new synchrotron facility” n “The engineering instrument on DIAMOND will certainly hold a considerable resolution advantage over ISIS. However, a 5 year head start on the ENGIN-X project (to operate in 2003) will provide considerable infrastructure, industrial contacts and personnel expertise on which JEEP beamline can draw” n “The exterior hutch on JEEP (Engnineering Applications Centre) will help coordinate work between ISIS and DIAMOND” n

Challenges n A broad mission, built not on a single technique, but on the affinity of discipline(s) n Clear need for strong management procedures to reconcile the different aspects of science to be tackled n Great need for excellent staff to provide technical scientific and computing support n Need for excellent procedures for continuous development and adoption of best optics, detectors and ancillary equipment solutions

Beamline layout

The JEEP concept

The JEEP concept

The JEEP concept EAC

Source specification: Undulator vs MPW

Source specification: Undulator vs MPW

Hard to focus? 3 rd generation undulators work at well 80 ke. V+ n Divergence: undulator 100 20µrad, wiggler 1 0. 2 mrad. n Bragg angle at 100 ke. V(Si 111): ~1º– need higher orders? n Darwin width at 100 ke. V (Si 111): ~0. 5 arc seconds (decreases with energy) n Mirror critical angle 0. 7 mrad at 100 ke. V n Sagittal monochromator: R~0. 4 m at 100 ke. V n Heat loading highest for high field MPWs n

n Mirrors Focusing Solutions – collect too small a fan at high energy. Kirkpatrick-Baez? n Multilayers – beam is deflected – bandpass ~ 10 -3. Slope errors? – d~100Å: small Bragg angle, need long multilayers – Possible use for vertical focussing where radiation fan is smaller n Bragg – Long crystals + in double bounce beam moves a long way – sagittal bend - up to 60 ke. V with high order reflection – meridional bend deflects beam so fixed wavelength only n Laue

Power of Diamond IDs n Diamond Undulators – Power up to 6 k. W – Power density up to 19 k. W/mrad n Diamond MPWs – Power up to 50 k. W – Power Density 23 k. W/mrad n Cornell G Line - 17 k. W in 1. 7 mrad

Laue focusing n n n Near normal incidence means lower heat loading Integrated reflectivity depends on thickness - more intensity? Asymmetrically cut crystals (Zhong, Kao, Siddons et al. 2001). Anti-clastic curvature: lower divergence contrib. to bandpass + vertical focusing Two crystal arrangement allows fixed offset for tunability Sagittal: 1 mrad to 0. 4 mm (NSLS) Meridional: E/E~4 10 -4; 1 mrad to 0. 5 mm

Optics and detectors At present, there is no “off the shelf“ solution n Feasibility study required into sagittal focusing monochromators for SRS (16. 3, 16. 4, 9. 1 etc. ) n Further work required on making a bender, understanding dynamical diffraction in distorted crystals, graded crystals. n Possible use of refractive optics? n Detector systems evolve rapidly (eg CCDs) – initial choice will be made in about 24 months n Dual hutch philosophy: choice of resolution vs area available for both beam and detectors n

Management The JEEP project will be managed in the design, construction and operation stages by a panel of experts each championing an engineering application theme n The panel will include two representatives from industry and one liaison member from ISIS n Chair of the panel will rotate annually between theme representatives n The panel will be tasked with maintaining the balance between themes n The panel will advise on optimal experiment scheduling n

Development framework The choice of initial range of detector systems will be based on further research during the next two years n Large scale ancillary equipment will be separately funded and developed within ‘clusters’ of experts which will deliver it for the use by all other users n The outer hutch will provide a special location and unprecedented opportunities for development n Special capabilities will be developed for off-line experiment set-up based on laser coordinate measurement procedures n Availability of the outer hutch will encourage involvement of UK industry in longer term projects n

Equipment Optics hutch 1 (inner) Optics hutch 2 (outer) Slits/shutters Monochromator/Focussing Slit/shutters Monochromator/Focussing Experiment hutch 1 (inner) Experiment hutch 2 (outer) Kappa diffractometer (e. g. KUMA) Translation/Mini-loadrig/Thermal Theodolites / Laser positioning Detector arrays Building (double storey height, crane) Translation Cost estimate: £ 3. 5 M

Conclusions n JEEP will be a world beater – thanks to clear vision of the objectives and targeted design n JEEP will offer unprecedented flexibility and range thanks to the two-hutch design philosophy n JEEP will be a truly general purpose – operation mode and beamline optics will be tuned to the sample (physical size, microstructure, grain size, etc. ) n JEEP will have built-in management and development procedures to ensure rapid adoption of best techniques