Basket of Measures ICAO Secretariat Page 1 Basket
Basket of Measures ICAO Secretariat Page 1
Basket of Measures The High-level Meeting on International Aviation and Climate Change in October 2009 (HLM-ENV/09) endorsed the Programme of Action on International Aviation and Climate Change, which included: – global aspirational goals in the form of fuel efficiency; – a basket of measures; and – the means to measure progress. Page 2
Global Aspirational Goals Page 3
Basket of measures Aircraft technology Reducing fuel consumption Introducing low carbon footprint fuels Compensating emissions Air Traffic Management Infrastructure Aircraft operations Sustainable alternative fuels Market Based Measures Page 4
Aircraft-related Technology Development • Aircraft minimum fuel efficiency standards; • Aggressive aircraft fuel efficiency standards, setting standards for the future; • Purchase of new aircraft; • Retrofitting and upgrade improvements on existing aircraft; • Optimizing improvements in aircraft produced in the near to mid-term; • Avionics; and • Adoption of revolutionary new designs in aircraft/engines. Page 5
Aircraft-related Technology Development Page 6
Aircraft-related Technology Development Engine technology http: //www. ecomagination. com/portfolio/genx-aircraft-engine http: //machinedesign. com/archive/fewer-trips-fuel-truck Page 7
Aircraft-related Technology Development Engine technology http: //www. aerospaceweb. org/question/propulsion/q 0033. shtml Page 8
Aircraft-related Technology Development Engine technology http: //theenergycollective. com Page 9
Aircraft-related Technology Development Aerodynamics http: //www. grc. nasa. gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/winglets. html Page 10
Aircraft-related Technology Development Aerodynamics http: //www. airlinereporter. com/2012/07/photo-of-note-boeing-737 -max-winglet/ Page 11
Aircraft-related Technology Development Airframe Information courtesy of ICCAIA Page 12
Aircraft-related Technology Development Green Taxiing EGTS http: //www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-22992654 Wheel tug http: //www. planet-trucks. com/truck-news/a 32889/taxibotcauses-zero-fuel-emission-and-zero-noise-pollution-html http: //www. aviationpros. com/press_release/10705890/altaliaand-wheeltug-sign-electric-taxiing-partnership Wheel tug Taxi-bot Page 13
Aircraft-related Technology Development Lead to significant emissions reductions Require substantial investment Medium-term, longer-term In some cases, cannot be justified solely on the grounds of environmental goals • May be more feasible and attractive should funding and other assistance be made more accessible • • Page 14
Aircraft-related Technology Development ICAO global CO 2 Certification Standard for aeroplanes: • agreement on a metric system that can be used to characterize the CO 2 emissions from aircraft of varying types and technologies (July 2012) • agreement on the certification requirement and procedures supporting a new CO 2 standard for aeroplanes (February 2013) • Next steps: Development of stringency options Applicability of the standard Environmental Benefit and Cost effectiveness analysis The Aeroplane CO 2 Emissions Standard is aiming for completion in 2016. Page 15
Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use • More efficient ATM planning, ground operations, terminal operations (departure, approach and arrivals), en-route operations, airspace design and usage, aircraft capabilities; • More efficient use and planning of airport capacities; • Installation of airport infrastructure, such as Fixed Electrical Ground Power and Pre-Conditioned Air to allow aircraft APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) switch-off; • Construction of additional runways and taxiways to relieve traffic congestion; and • Collaborative research endeavours. Page 16
Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use • Lead to moderate emissions reductions (significant in some cases) • Involve substantial investments (ANSPs, air carriers) • Other performance dimensions (safety, reliability, cost, capacity, etc. ) Page 17
Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use • ICAO’s Global Air Navigation Plan • ICAO’s PIRGs’ environmental initiatives • ICAO’s Aviation System Block Upgrades Page 18
Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use Departure Climb B 0 -NOPS Network operations Cruise B 0 -FRTO Free route Operations Approach B 0 -ASUR Alternative surveillance Arrival B 0 -OPFL Optimum flight levels B 0 -WAKE Wake turbulence separation B 0 -CCO Continuous climb operations B 0 -ACDM Airport collaborative decision making B 0 -CDO Continuous descent operations B 0 -RSEQ Runway sequencing Page 19
More Efficient Operations • Best practices in operations; • Optimized aircraft maintenance (including jet engine cleaning/washing); and • Selecting aircraft best suited to mission. Page 20
More efficient operations Engine washing Use of Ground Power Units http: //www. anahd. co. jp/en/csr/environment/effort. html Page 21
More efficient operations Cost Index http: //www. airways. co. nz/aspire/_content/cost_index. asp Page 22
More Efficient Operations • Short-term • Lead to moderate emissions reductions (significant in some cases) • Require minimal (or no) investment • ICAO Manual on Operational Opportunities to Minimize Fuel Use and Reduce Emissions • IATA’s Guidance Material and Best Practices for Fuel and Environmental Management, Fourth edition Page 23
Sustainable alternative fuels “Low carbon footprint” fuel Example: biofuels • CO 2 emitted by combustion uptaken by plant growth Neutral • Only CO 2 emitted for fuel production is accounted for in a Life Cycle Approach CO 2 Page 24
Sustainable alternative fuels • Potential for significant emissions reductions – Depends on feedstock type and cultivation, conversion process… • Emissions reductions achievable with existing aircraft • Benefits will depend on: – the availability of such fuels and the time profile of their deployment; – their actual lifecycle emissions reduction • Challenges – Decreasing production cost – Investment in feedstock production and conversion facilities – Ensuring a sustainable deployment • States’ policy support is required Page 25
Sustainable alternative fuels • Global Framework on Aviation Alternative Fuels (GFAAF) – A database on aviation alternative fuels (http: //www. icao. int/environmental-protection/GFAAF/Pages/default. aspx) • ICAO’s conference and workshops – Rio de Janeiro 2009 – Montréal 2009 & 2011 • Rio+20: the ICAO’s “Flightpath” initiative – Four connecting flights using biofuels from Montréal to Rio de Janeiro • ICAO’s SUSTAF Experts Group – Analysis of the challenges and recommendations – Outcomes available on the GFAAF Page 26
Market-based Measures • Policy tools to achieve environmental goals at a lower cost and in a more flexible manner. • ICAO has been: – developing policies and guidance material; and – collecting information on various market-based measures, including: § emissions offsetting § emissions trading; and § emission-related levies (charges and taxes); Page 27
Market-based Measures • ICAO policies make a conceptual distinction between a “charge” and a “tax” (Doc 9082). • The ICAO Council strongly recommended that any emission -related levies be in the form of charges (1996). • ICAO developed Doc 9885 Guidance on the Use of Emissions Trading for Aviation (2009). • ICAO developed a globally accepted Carbon Emissions Calculator, which is available on the ICAO website (2008). • ICAO study – Doc 9951 Emissions Offsetting from Aviation (2010). Page 28
Market-based Measures • The 37 th Assembly requested the development of a framework for MBMs, and the exploration of a global MBM scheme • Substantial effort by ICAO in responding to requests for a global scheme and a framework for MBMs • Feasibility of three options for a global MBM scheme recognized by the ICAO council • Next steps for a global MBM scheme and proposal on the framework for MBMs are to be considered by the 38 th Assembly Page 29
Additional information For more information on our activities, please visit ICAO’ website: http: //www. icao. int/env Page 30
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