Basilica di San Marco Venice Pieter BRUEGEL the

Basilica di San Marco, Venice

Pieter BRUEGEL the Elder, Gloomy Day (February), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

February was named after the Latin term februum, which means purification, via the purification ritual Februa held on February 15 (full moon) in the old lunar Roman calendar. January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, since the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period. They were added by Numa Pompilius about 713 BC. February remained the last month of the calendar year until the time of the decemvirs (c. 450 BC), when it became the second month. At certain intervals February was truncated to 23 or 24 days; and a 27 -day intercalary month, Intercalaris, was inserted immediately after February to realign the year with the seasons. Under the reforms that instituted the Julian calendar, Intercalaris was abolished, leap years occurred regularly every fourth year, and in leap years February gained a 29 th day. Thereafter, it remained the second month of the calendar year, meaning the order that months are displayed (January, February, March, . . . , December) within a year-at-aglance calendar. Even during the Middle Ages, when the numbered Anno Domini year began on March 25 or December 25, the second month was February whenever all twelve months were displayed in order. The Gregorian calendar reforms made slight changes to the system for determining which years were leap years and thus contained a 29 -day February. Historical names for February include the Old English terms Solmonath (mud month) and Kale-monath (named for cabbage) as well as Charlemagne's designation Hornung. In Finnish, the month is called helmikuu, meaning "month of the pearl"; when snow melts on tree branches, it forms droplets, and as these freeze again, they are like pearls of ice. In Polish and Ukrainian, respectively, the month is called luty or лютий, meaning the month of ice or hard frost. February calendar : A man, drinking from glass in right hand, sits feasting behind table set with food, knife, and serving dishes. Beneath table is warming vessel with burning coals. Scene set in room with patterned floor and timbered ceiling, Book of hours ("unfinished hours"), use of Rome, (Ms. Pierpont Morgan Library. M. 358), Provence, France, ca. 1440 -1450.

Hans Thoma, February, 1906 - 1908

The Cycle of the Months is a group of paintings in the Torre Aquila in Trento Buonconsiglio Castle, attributed to the master of Bohemia Wenceslas (documented in the city in 1397). Date back to the beginning of the fifteenth-fourteenth century and are the best example of International Gothic in Trentino and one of the most significant of northern Italy. UNKNOWN MASTER, Italian Representation of the Twelve Months , February, 1391 -1407 Fresco, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent

חודש פברואר מיוצג לרוב בתמונת "עמל החודש" של חימום הידיים והרגלים ליד האח הבוערת February is usually represented by a man sitting in a chair, stretching out a hand a foot to the hearth. Often a boot has just been removed and is discarded nearby Warming feet by the fire Chartres Cathedral Stained Glass Zodiac Window (c. 1220): February

מזל דגים , במקרה של פברואר , ולצד "עמל החודש" מופיע פעמים רבות מזל החודש . שני דגים האחד תחת השני ובכיוון הפוך קשורים ביניהם בחבל . במיתולוגיה היוונית אלו הדגים אליהם שינו את צורתם אפרודיטה וארוס בנה במטרה לחמוק מהטייפון המפלצתי . הדגים מתוארים כשהם קשורים יחדיו כדי שלא יאבדו זה את זה Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 30 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C 2 nd A. D. ) : "Fishes [constellation Pisces]. . . Diognetus Erythraeus says that once Venus [Aphrodite] and her son Cupid [Eros] came in Syria to the river Euphrates [when Typhon attacked Olympos]. There Typhon, of whom we have already spoken, suddenly appeared. Venus and her son threw themselves into the river and there changed their forms to fishes, and by so doing this escaped danger. So afterwards the Syrians, who are adjacent to these regions, stopped eating fish, fearing to catch them lest with like reason they seem either to oppose the protection of the gods, or to entrap the gods themselves. " Pisces the Fish. Detail of the Zodiac Window in the south ambulatory aisle, Chartres Cathedral, around 1220.

Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, Février Musée Condé, Chantilly

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours. This book of hours in the Parisian fashion is richly illuminated and was made for the diocese of Nantes in the third quarter of the 15 th century. It was owned by the Petau family during the 17 th century. In 1720 it was purchased by Ami Lullin of Geneva and donated to the Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 33

Calendar page for February with medallions of a man warming one foot and Pisces. Book of Hours, Use of Sarum ('The Taymouth Hours'), England, S. E. ? (London? ), c. 1325 -1335, Latin and French, Gothic. British Library, Yates Thompson 13

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, use of Rome Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, Bancroft Library, UCB 139

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, 1450 -1499 Cambridge, Harvard University Houghton Library, MS Richardson 7

The Labours of the Months, February The Shaftesbury Psalter, with calendar and prayers, England, 2 nd quarter of the 12 th century, Latin, Protogothic 12 calendar historiated 'KL' initials in colours and gold, with zodiac roundels in colours and golds (ff. 3 -8 v). British Library, Lansdowne 383

Come when the rains Have glazed the snow and clothed the trees with ice, While the slant sun of February pours Into the bowers a flood of light. Approach! The incrusted surface shall upbear thy steps And the broad arching portals of the grove Welcome thy entering. William Cullen Bryant, A Winter Piece, line 60. The labours of the Months, February Psalter, with a calendar and related tables, France, 4 th quarter of the 12 th century, British Library, Harley 2895

The Labours of the Months, January-February Book of Hours, Latin, France, Tours, 1490 -1510, Artist: Jean Poyet Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Typ 614

The Labours of the Months, February De Buz Hours France, 1400 -1450 Artist: Rohan Master Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Richardson 42

The Labours of the Months, February, St Albans Psalter, 12 th century.

The February sunshine steeps your boughs And tints the buds and swells the leaves within. William Cullen Bryant, Among the Trees, line 53 The Labours of the Months, Février, Poisson, le maitre se chauffant Le Calendrier des Bergers (1497) Bibliothèque Nationale de France

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, Use of Rome ('The Dunois Hours'), France, Central (Paris), c. 1440 - c. 1450 (after 1436), Latin, with a French calendar, Gothic cursive. This is the eponymous manuscript of the Dunois Master (known as the principal associate of the Bedford Master). 12 small miniatures with the labour of the month in the lower border, and 12 small scenes with the zodiacal signs in the outer margins, in colours and gold, at the beginning of each month in the calendar. British Library, Yates Thompson 3.

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours Brotherton Collection MS 1, University of Leeds

The Labours of the Months, February Calendarium (Prayer calendar), Latin Bible selections: Liber Psalmorum, Cantica with prayers; Hymns, etc. , Southern Germany, about 1200 This codex from southern Germany is composed of two parts bound together in one German binding in 1569. Cologny, Fondation Martin Bodmer, Cod. Bodmer 30

The Labours of the Months, February Hooded man, seated on chair, extends left hand raises right leg toward fire in chimney. Psalter-Hours (Psalter-Hours of Guiluys de Boisleux), Arras, France, 1243 -1246, (Ms. Pierpont Morgan Library. M. 730)

Calendar page for February, illustrated with a man hoeing in the KL monogram. Psalter, Use of Sarum ('The Bohun Psalter and Hours'), England (S. E. , London? ), 2 nd half of the 14 th century, after 1356, and probably before 1373, Latin, Gothic, 12 large 'KL' letters, historiated with the labours of the months. British Library, Egerton 3277.

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, France, Rouen? , 1475 -1499 Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Lat 250 The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, use of Paris, Latin France, Paris, 1475 -1499 Artist: Chief Associate of Maître François New York, Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, BP. 096

The Cycle of the Months, February Saint Paul addressing the Romans. Church personified. Sign of the zodiac: Pisces. Apostles' Creed: Saint John the Evangelist and King David. (BNF, ROTH 2529), fol. 3 v Breviary of Martin of Aragon, Spain, Catalonia 15 th Century.

The Labours of the Months, February Hours of Louis XII (formerly Hours of Henry VII) France, Tours, 1490 -1510 Artist: Jean Bourdichon Philadelphia, Free Library of Philadelphia, Rare Book Department Lewis E M 011: 19

The Labours of the Months, February Calendar for February, with a border of a winter scene of trimming and collecting wood, and a roundel of Pisces Book of Hours, Use of Sarum, Netherlands, S. (Bruges), c. 1500, British Library, King's 9

The Labours of the Months, February Petites Heures de la reine Anne de Bretagne Paris Bn. F Nlle Acq. Lat. 3027

February makes a bridge, and March breaks it. George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum , 1651 The Labours of the Months, February, GKS 79 2°, Germany c. 1430. The origins of the Speculum humanae salvationis, "The Mirror of Human Salvation", lie in a Latin work from the beginning of the fourteenth century. Over the course of subsequent years, however, the text was frequently adapted and translated, and it came to form the basis of a rich artistic tradition.

Gerard Horenbout, Alexander & Simon Bening February, Brevarium Grimani, fol. 3 v (Flemish), C. 1510 Biblioteca Marciana

Simon Bening The Labours of the Months, February: Pruning Vines, Breaking Ground Da Costa Hours, in Latin, Belgium, Bruges, ca. 1515 Morgan Library, MS M. 399

Man, wearing hood and hat, is seated on throne, lifting left leg, with right hand, toward fire on floor, next to kettle. Of three other men, wearing headgear, one stands behind throne, resting arms on back of throne, another stands to right, holding with right hand, back of throne, placing left hand on shoulder of third man, crouching before fire with bellows. The Labours of the Months, February, Book of hours, The Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 64 fol. 2 r

The Labours of the Months, February: Keeping Warm, Illuminated around 1500 by the artist Jean Poyer, The Hours of Henry VIII receives its name from the possible but unproven eighteenth-century tradition that holds King Henry of England once owned this splendid manuscript. The Morgan Library. MS H. 8

The Labours of the Months, February Woman carries poles on back toward four laborers tending vines in vineyard in which is watchtower. First laborer carries poles on his back. Second laborer trims vine with knife. Third laborer chops vine with pickaxe. Fourth laborer ties vines to pole. To left, in background, man plows field with plow pulled by oxen. Breviary of Eleanor of Portugal, Bruges, Belgium, ca. 1500, Ms. Pierpont Morgan Library. M. 52

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hour, Belgium, 1500 -1599 Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Richardson 8

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, France, 1450 -1499 Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Lat 257

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours Illustrations by the Ghent Associates of the Master of Mary of Burgundy, the Louthe Master, and the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook Belgium, Flanders, Ghent or Bruges, 1500 -1599 Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Typ 443 The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, Illustrations by the Ghent Associates of the Master of Mary of Burgundy, the Louthe Master, and the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook Belgium, Flanders, Ghent or Bruges, 1500 -1599 Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Typ 443

The Labours of the Months, February Free Library of Philadelphia, Lewis E 125 Book of Hours, use of Rouen, 1485 - 1499 France, Rouen

Workshop of Simon Bening Calendar scene for February: Feasting and dancing. The Golf Book, Latin, produced in S. Netherlands (Bruges), 1520 -1530, B. L. Add. 24

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours Brotherton Collection MS 9 University of Leeds The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours Brotherton Collection MS 8 University of Leeds

The Labours of the Months, February Book of Hours, Belgium, 1500 -1550 Related to the Master of the Older Prayerbook of Maximillian I and the Master of the Prayerbook of 1500; calendar and illustrations are attributed to the Master of the Dresden Hours. Cambridge, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Richardson 9

The Labours of the Months, February Warming by a fire; Pisces Book of Hours, Use of Rouen France, Rouen; late 15 th or early 16 th century Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Pictures of the Months, church of Sta Maria del Castello: February, 1560

אני מזמין אותך לבקר , שלום לך באתר המצגות שלי ולהנות ממצגות נוספות אסף פלר , להתראות http: //assaffeller. com February. Psalter, manuscript, ca. 1225 -ca. 1250 Provenance : Abbaye de Dommartin Written for the Abbey of Centula, or Saint Riquier, near Abbeyville in northern France. Houghton Library. MS Typ 311. Psalter (Gallican). f. 1 v