BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY Created by the U

BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY Created by the U. S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business Partners and Philips Lighting Company

Lamp Terminology v Lumen (lm): Total quantity of light produced independent of direction v Candlepower (cp): Quantity of light emitted in a specific direction v Illumination: Quantity of light falling on a surface measured in footcandles v Footcandle (fc): Amount of lumens falling on an area (lm/sf)

Lamp Terminology v Lux (lx): Metric equivalent of the footcandle. 1 fc ~ 10 lx v Color Temperature (Kelvin, K) The apparent color of a lamp expressed in Kelvin 3000 K ~ Warm White 4100 K ~ Cool White v Color Rendering Index (CRI) Measure from 0 - 100 of how well a lamp renders color based on incandescent being 100 (best).

Lamp Terminology v. Lumen Maintenance: How well a lamp maintains light output over life. Usually shown as a percentage.

Lamp Sizing v Based on diameter at widest point v All lamp types follow this format v Sizes are described in 1/8” increments v Examples: A-19 = 19/8” = 2 -3/8” diameter T-8 = 8/8” = 1” diameter PAR-38 = 38/8” = 4 -3/4” diameter

Basic Lamp Types v Incandescent v Fluorescent v High Intensity Discharge Ø Ø Ø Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium v Low Pressure Sodium v Induction

Incandescent Lamps v First electric light source ever used v Light produced by heating a metal (filament) v Utilizes various bases as determined by application v Starts instantly v Requires no re-strike time v Available for operation at various voltages

Types of Incandescent Lamps v. Standard v. Halogen

Standard Lamps v Yellow in appearance v Most often found in residential applications v Poor lumen maintenance due to “blackening” of bulb wall v Applications: Ø Ø Ø General lighting Task lighting Accent lighting Flood lighting Specialty lighting

Halogen Lamps v Provides “white” light v Up to 50% more efficient than standard incandescent v Up to 2. 5 times the life than standard incandescent v Bulb walls remain virtually clean due to halogen process v Improved lumen maintenance

Halogen Process v Halogen process provides the longer life and higher lumen maintenance v Tungsten evaporates from the filament and condenses on bulb wall v Tungsten atom combines with the halogen atom to form tungsten-halogen molecule v Floating molecule comes in the vicinity of the filament v Very hot filament evaporates halogen v Tungsten re-deposited on filament

Halogen Lamp Applications v. Display and accent lighting v. General lighting v. Task lighting v. Floodlighting

Incandescent Lamp Shapes A-19 Arbitrary BR-40 Bulged Reflector PAR-38 Parabolic Aluminized Reflector ER-30 Elliptical Reflector R-30 Reflector T-10 Tubular G-30 Globe

Types of Fluorescent Lamps v. Pre-Heat v. Slimline v. Rapid Start v. High Output v. Very High Output v. Compact

Pre-Heat Lamps v Bi-pin base v Utilize starter circuit v Preheats electrodes in lamp before starting v Starts in 2 to 3 seconds v Example: Old fluorescent desk lamp -- Hold down button to start v F 15 T 8, F 30 T 8 (these are not the energyefficient T 8’s)

Slimline Lamps v. Single pin base v. Lamps start instantly v. Ballast provides high voltage v. Found on 8’ lamp type -- F 96 T 12

Rapid Start Lamps v Most common lamp type v Bi-pin base v Cathodes continuously heated v Lamps start in 1 to 2 seconds with rapid start ballast v Lamps start instantly with instant start ballast v F 32 T 8 is an example

High Output v Recessed double contact base v Rapid start circuits v Operate at 800 milliamperes v Produce 40% more light as regular T 12 v Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor applications v F 96 T 12/HO is a typical 8’ lamp found

Very High Output v Recessed double contact base v Rapid start circuits v Operate at 1500 milliamperes v Produce twice as much light as regular T 12 v Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor applications v F 96 T 12/VHO is a typical 8’ lamp found

Energy-Efficient T 12 Lamps v Interchangeable with standard T 12 lamps v Operate at 15 to 20% lower wattage (i. e. 40 vs. 34) v Produce approximately 12% less lumens v More efficient than standard lamps v Will not operate to specification in temperatures below 60°F

Compact Fluorescent Lamps v Energy-efficient replacement for many incandescent lamps v Up to 75% energy savings v About 4 times the efficacy v Up to 13 times the life v Operates similarly to standard fluorescent lamps v Ballast required - internal or external v High color rendering v Excellent lumen maintenance - up to 90%

Compact Fluorescent Lamps v. Screw-in lamps Installed directly into incandescent sockets Ø Integral electronic ballast in base Ø Various sizes, shapes and wattages Ø 82 CRI @ 2700 K Ø Dimmable available Ø

Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes Universal A-Lamp Table Reflector Outdoor Globe Specialty

Compact Fluorescent Lamps v. Plug-in lamps Require new sockets Ø Independent ballast system Ø Various sizes, shapes and wattages Ø Screw-in adapters available for some applications Ø 82 CRI and various color temperatures Ø Some are dimmable Ø

Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes Double Tube Low Wattage Quad Tube Double Tube High Wattage Triple Tube

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps v. Consist of 3 lamp types Mercury Vapor Ø Metal Halide Ø High Pressure Sodium Ø v. Gases in lamp are under high pressure

Mercury Vapor Lamps v Oldest of the HID family: Introduced in 1950 v Least efficient of the HID family: 32 - 63 LPW v 12, 000 - 24, 000 hour life v Blue-green color light v Applications Ø Ø Ø Industrial Parking Areas Landscape Roadways Security

Metal Halide Lamps v Introduced in 1964 v Superior color rendering over mercury vapor v Increased efficacy over mercury vapor: 60 - 125 LPW v 6, 000 to 20, 000 hours life v Applications Ø Ø Ø Industrial Commercial Flood Lighting Sports Street/Parking Lighting Retail

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps v Introduced in 1965 v Most efficient of HID family: 65 -140 LPW v Poor color rendering v Excellent life: 10, 000 - 30, 000 hours v Applications Ø Ø Ø Industrial Warehouses Roadway Security Flood Lighting Parking lots

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps v Lamp gases are under low pressure v Highest efficacy of any light source: up to 183 LPW v Monochromatic yellow light Ø All objects appear gray v Application Ø Ø Security Areas where high efficacy required and color rendition not a concern

Operating Characteristics of HID & LPS

Induction Lighting v 100, 000 hour life v Operates in temperature range of -30°F to 130°F v High color rendering v Available in various colors v Operates using a magnetic field v Vibration resistant

Induction Lighting v High power factor v Cooler operation than HID sources v Applications: Ø Ø Ø Problematic maintenance areas Security lighting Low bay Flood lighting Landscape lighting General lighting

Range of Light Output (Lumens)

Range of Rated Life (Hours)

Lamp Efficacy