Basics of Hematology cell counting agile affordable accurate

Basics of Hematology cell counting agile - affordable - accurate

BASICS OF HEMATOLOGY Functions of blood • Transport through the body of – oxygen and carbon dioxide – nutrient molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids) – ions (e. g. , Na+, Ca 2+, HCO 3−) – „wastes” and metabolites (e. g. , urea) – hormones – Heat • Defense of the body against infections and other foreign materials. All the WBCs participate in these defenses. agile - affordable - accurate

Composition of the Blood • LIQUID • CELLS Plasma Proteins (7%) Hormones Lipoproteins Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen Nutrients, metabolits, bioactive molecules (<1%) Free Amino acids Vitamins Glucose lipoids Salts (1%) Water (91 -92%) Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 4 -6 *1012/l Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 6 -15 *109/l Thrombocytes (platelets = cell parts) 0, 2 -0, 8 *1012/l agile - affordable - accurate

Noncellular components • Plasma is the straw-colored liquid in which the blood cells are suspended. Contains coagulation factors. After coagulation it is called serum. • Composition of blood plasma – various ions (Na+, Ca 2+, HCO 3−, etc. ) – proteins (albumins, globulins) – glucose and traces of other sugars – amino acids – other organic acids – cholesterol and other lipids – hormones – urea and other wastes agile - affordable - accurate

Cellular components of blood 1 • Blood is a liquid tissue. Suspended in the watery Plasma are seven types of cells and cell fragments. (They can be counted in particle counters. ) • Red blood cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes • Platelets or thrombocytes (PLT) • five kinds of white blood cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils 3 -part counters: RBC, PLT and Basophils • neutrophils Monocytes • lymphocytes, • eosinophiles+basophiles+monocytes agile - affordable - accurate

Cellular components of blood 2 agile - affordable - accurate

Main Cellular Parameters • All of these parameters strongly depend on properties of the surrounding medium and varies by species! • Morphology: can be visualized in smears by different staining methods (microscopy) • Cell numbers • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) of RBC’s • Packed cell volume of RBC’s agile - affordable - accurate

Red Blood Cells (RBC) • RBCs form the majority of the blood cells • Non nucleated in mammals • Biconcave shape • Structures on the cell membrane determine blood group systems • Contain hemoglobin • Hemolysis: rupture of cell membranes followed by destroying the cells • Hemolytic agents: detergents, p. H, osmotic pressure, drugs, immunsystem etc. • Reticulocytes (immature red blood cell forms) in a very few % agile - affordable - accurate

Function of Hemoglobin • It causes the red color of blood • has 4 subunits, contains iron • Main function: oxygen transport • MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (pg) • MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (g/l) agile - affordable - accurate

Hematocrit-HCT or Packed Cell Volume-PCV • Volume of blood in % occupied by cells. • It can be measured after separation in a centrifuge, or calculated after cell counting. • Shows the degree of anemia. Plasma WBCs RBCs 100% 40 -50% agile - affordable - accurate

Thrombocytes (= Platelets) • Thrombocytes play an important role in the cellular part of the hemostasis (in plug forming) • Non nucleated cells in mammals • Contain specific granules Mammalian thrombocytes Avian thrombocytes (nucleated) agile - affordable - accurate

White Blood Cells (WBC) 1 - Granulocytes are main portion of WBCs in humans, dogs, cats and horses Neutrophils: Neutrophils Granules don't stain well with either acidic or basic dyes, therefore, neutral. The most frequent granulocyte. Eosinophils: Granules have an affinity for acid dyes (acidophilic), therefore, stain well with eosin. Quite rare. Basophils: Granules have an affinity for basic dyes (basophilic), therefore, stain well with hematoxylin. Very rare. agile - affordable - accurate

White Blood Cells (WBC) 2 - Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes are the main portion of WBCs in ruminants and pigs. B-lymphocytes, Tlymphocytes and Nature Killer Cells belong to this population. • Monocytes are the biggest blood cells Neutrophil Monocyte agile - affordable - accurate

Production of blood cells (hemopoiesis) • Differentiation and maturation from proliferating stem cells occurs in the bone marrow • Maturation of lymphocytes in takes place in the lymphatic tissue (lymphnods, spleen, thymus, etc. ) agile - affordable - accurate

Haemostasis-Coagulation • Coagulation occurs following tissue injury. • Self enhancing and self limiting process in order to achieve localized, but effective reparation • Several proteins (coagulation factors), Ca 2+ and thrombocytes are involved in the process • As a result thrombocyte plugs and fibrin clots are formed • It can be hindered by anticoagulants (EDTA, Heparin, Hirudin, etc. ) agile - affordable - accurate

Anomalies in pathological conditions • Elevated RBC number: compensatorical change in several diseases (heart failure, respiratoric insufficiency, etc. ) • Decreased RBC number: anemic state caused by bleeding, hemolysis, metabolic diseases, hemoglobinopathyes • Decreased hematocrit: bleeding, hemolysis • Elevated reticulocyte %: regenerative anemia • Changes in Hemoglobin concentration, MCV and MCHC: anemia caused by iron or vitamin deficiency or hemoglobinopathies • Elevated WBC numbers: inflammation, leukemia • Decreased WBC numbers: immunosuppressive agents and diseases, bone marrow disfunction agile - affordable - accurate