BASICS OF FIRE SAFETY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS IMPORTANCE OF

BASICS OF FIRE, SAFETY & EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY • PROFIT = SELLING COST – INPUT COST -? Loss Control Services 2

MURPHY’s LAW If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong Not a pessimistic statement

MOTTO • SAVE INVALUABLE HUMAN LIFES – Fight Back with Proper Techniques • SAVE VALUABLE PROPERTY – Plant, Machinery, Products, Raw Materials, etc. • SAFETY OF OPERATIONS Loss Control Services 4

EVERY 20 SECONDS, ONE PERSON DIES AS A RESULT OF AN ACCIDENT Source - ILO Loss Control Services 5

The Domino Theory • Developed by Herbert Henrich (Travelers Insurance Co) in 1920 • He evaluated over 75, 000 industrial accidents • His evaluation demonstrated: – 88% accidents causes by unsafe acts – 10% of accidents caused by unsafe conditions – 2% of accidents were just unavoidable Loss Control Services 6

LOSSES DUE TO FIRE • 3 Crores National Asset Loss Every Day LOSSES 40 % Direct Losses 60 % In Direct Losses • • Man Hour Lost Production Loss Credibility Loss Massive Life and Infrastructural Loss Heavy Loss to Environment Loss Control Services 7

Fire Triangle For a fire to start three conditions must be met at the same time: FUEL OXYGEN HEAT Loss Control Services 8

FUEL TYPES • All matter can be used as a fuel. • It is no surprise that the three states of matter are three fuel forms that we will look at. • SOLID • LIQUID • GAS Loss Control Services 9

More Definitions • Fire – A slow form of deflagration • Deflagration – Propagating reactions in which the energy transfer from the reaction zone to the unreacted zone is accomplished thru ordinary transport processes such as heat and mass transfer. • Detonation / Explosion – Propagating reactions in which energy is transferred from the reaction zone to the unreacted zone on a reactive shock wave. The velocity the shock wave Loss Control of Services 10

SOME TERMINOLOGIES • • • MSDS – MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET TLV ~ THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE PPM – PARTS PER MILLION STEL – SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT IDLH – IMMEDIATE DANGER TO LIFE & HEALTH Loss Control Services 11

–Specific Gravity Ratio of the weight of a substance (the liquid) to the weight of water. Specific Gravity of Water = 1. Loss Control Services 12

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES • Flash Point / Fire Point – Flash Point – Lowest temperature at which liquid will generate enough vapor to flash, but not continue to burn. – Fire Point – Lowest temperature at which liquid will ignite and continue to burn. DOT & UN Classification Flammable Liquid Loss Control Services Combustible Liquid Flash Point ≤ 141°F Flash Point >141°F and <200°F. 13

WHAT WILL U DO IF U SMELL LPG GAS LEAK IN YOUR HOUSE @ 3 A. M IN MORNING

WHERE TO ATTACK Loss Control Services 15

THE FIRE TRIANGLE OXYGEN Normal Atmospheric Contents 21 % Oxygen - 78 % Nitrogen 01 % - Mix. Loss Of Control Services 16

OXYGEN • • • RATE OF MINIMUM AIR CONSUMPTION MAXIMUM AIR O 2 IN EXHALE AIR WHAT IN 3 MINUTES WHERE IS O 2 SUPPOSED TO BE ENSURED Loss Control Services 17

OXYGEN • AIR CONTAINS 21% Oxygen • Humans need 15% O 2 (Oxygen) in their air to survive. • Fires need 15% O 2 to “survive” in flaming mode Loss Control Services 18

Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres OSHA ~OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH ADMINISTRATION 19. 5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level. 15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. Impair coordination. 12 -14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment. 10 -12% Respiration increases. Lips blue. 8 -10% Mental failure. Fainting. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. 6 -8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal 4 -6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death Loss Control Services 19

What if we reduce oxygen to fires? • LOW O 2 CAUSES INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION • This leads to the formation of CO (Carbon Monoxide) and other fire gas production • The fire will die out, become darker, and produce either thick black, or sickly green smoke. Loss Control Services 20

Carbon Monoxide (CO) - toxic, colorless, odorless, combustible gas, slightly lighter than air. - a by-product of combustion, found in almost every industry. - Enters blood stream thru the lungs, replaces oxygen in blood stream and causes asphyxiation Loss Control Services 21

SMOKE IS FLAMMABLE – BE AWARE WHILE ENTERING SMOKE FILLED ROOM Loss Control Services 22

4 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER • CONDUCTION • CONVECTION • RADIATION • DIRECT FLAME IMPINGEMENT Loss Control Services 23

HOW SHOULD EARTHING BE? ? Loss Control Services 24

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IDENTIFY THE HAZARDOUS AREA IN PLANTS • • • ZONE – ‘ 0’ ZONE –’ 1’ ZONE’ - 2’ Loss Control Services 26

FLAMABLE CONDITIONS the fire triangle meet, unless all three elements are present in the required amounts. For example: Vapors from a flammable liquid must be mixed with a certain amount of air in order to ignite and propagate a flame. [ UEL – LEL ] Loss Control Services 27

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THREE STAGES OF FIRE • INCIPIENT • FREE BURNING (STEADY STATE) • HOT SMOLDERING (DECAY STATE) Loss Control Services 29

BURNING STAGES • INCIPIENT STAGE • OXYGEN 21% • PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER CAN HANDLE • FREE BURNING STAGE • OXYGEN 19% - 16% • SMOLDERING STAGE • OXYGEN AT 15% OR LESS Be Cautious to Back Draft Loss Control Services 30

Methods of extinguishing a fire – Reduction the Temperature – Removal of Fuel – Inhibition of Chain Reaction – Exclusion of Oxygen Loss Control Services 31

EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM • SMOOTHERING – Cutting Oxygen Supply » Blanketing the Surface of Fire » » Apply Powder Apply Foam • COOLING – [ Heat Propagation- Radiation, Conduction & Convection] – Reducing the Heat » » Apply Water Apply Carbon-Di-Oxide • STARVATION – Cutting of Fuel Supply Loss Control Services 32

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EXTINGUISHING MEDIAS • • DRY POWDER WATER FOAM CARBON - Di – OXIDE FM-200 SAND STEAM Loss Control Services 36

U V C E N C O N F I N E D A P O R L O U D X P L O S I O N S • An overpressure caused when a gas cloud detonates or deflagrates in open air rather than simply burns. Loss Control Services 37

B L E V E O I L I N G I Q U I D X P A N D I N G A P O R X P L O S I O N S • The result of a vessel failure in a fire and release of a pressurized liquid rapidly into the fire • A pressure wave, a fire ball, vessel fragments and burning liquid droplets Loss Control Services 38

BLEVE FUEL SOURCE Loss Control Services 39

INDUSTRIAL GAS CYLINDERS COLOUR CODE AND DESCRIPTIONS GAS OXY GEN NITRO GEN CARB ON DIOX IDE AMM ONIA FREON - 12 WHIT E BLAC K RED & YELL OW Bottom end Grey Neck end Violet None ARG ON CHLO RINE HYDRO GEN ACETYL ENE BLUE YELLO W RED MAROO N RED GREY NONE NONE LPG AIR VISUAL IDENTIFICATIO N DISTINCTIVE COLOUR BODY BAND SIZE IN COMM. USE LENGTH (M) BLAC K GREY NONE 1. 6 1. 52 1. 5 1. 46 1. 22 1. 6 1. 4 1. 5 Loss Control Services 1. 5 1. 6 2. 0 1. 45 1. 6 1. 2 1. 45 40

IS 2379 : 1990 WATER - SEA GREEN STEAM - ALUMINIUM MINERAL, VEGETABLE & ANIMAL OILS, COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS - LIGHT BROWN ACID - DARK VIOLET ALKALI’s - SMOKE GREY AIR - SKY BLUE GASES - CANARY YELLOW OTHER LIQUID/GASES WHICH DOES NOT NEED IDENTIFICATION - BLACK HYDROCARBONS/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – DARK ADMIRALITY GREY

WHERE TO PLACE CAUTION & SIGN BOARDS Loss Control Services 42

Toxicity The dose determines level of toxicity • Dose = Concentration X exposure Time • Acute vs. Chronic – alcohol consumption • Local vs. Systemic – pet flea shampoo

Flammable Liquid Fire Scenario • Flammable Liquid Spill • Forms Pool of Liquid on Floor – (REMEMBER 1 gal. of liquid = 20 sq. ft. of floor area) – Example 55 gal drum x 20 sq. ft. = 1100 sq. ft. (IMPORTANT LATER!!) Loss Control Services 44

TO CONCLUDE Loss Control Services 45

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CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRE CAUSES PERCENTAGE • Electricity 23 • • • Smoking/Mobile 18 Friction Over Head Material Hot Surface Burner Flame Combustion Spark Spontaneous Ignition Cutting & Welding Exposure Sabotage Chemical Action 10 8 7 7 5 4 4 Loss Control Services 3 3 1 47

LIST THE REASON FOR THE MAJOR CAUSES OF FIRE IN INDUSTRIES Loss Control Services 48

USE OF P P E IN EMERGENCY Loss Control Services 49

Extinguisher Selection vs. Fire Classification Wood, Paper, Plastic, Cloth Flammable Liquids, Grease, Gas Electrical Combustible Metals The classifications are important to understand since each type of fire extinguisher is designed for a specific class of fire. Picking the wrong type of extinguisher for the type of fire could make the situation much worse. Extinguisher Class A Class B Class C Class D Water Extinguisher Yes No No No CO 2 Extinguisher No Yes Yes ABC Extinguisher Yes Yes K Extinguisher Yes No No

Portable Fire Extinguisher Safety Characteristics Water extinguisher 30 -40 ft. 60 sec. Dry chemical 5 -20 ft. 8 -25 sec. CO 2 extinguisher 3 -8 ft. 8 -30 sec. Loss Control Services 51

Using Portable Fire Extinguisher Making That “Right” Decision 4 You are trained in the use of extinguishers. 4 You know what is burning. 4 Fire is not spreading rapidly. 4 Smoke and heat has not filled the area. 4 You have a clear path of escape. 4 Follow your instincts. Loss Control Services 52

BEFORE USING FIRE EXTINGUISHER • • Ensure no Casualty in the Area Check for Wind Direction Check proper ventilation Avoid using Fire Extinguisher in Confined Space • Check for Proper Capacity and Type of Fire Extinguisher to be used on Fire Loss Control Services 53

When NOT to Use a Fire Extinguisher • If you don’t have the correct type or a large enough extinguisher. • If the fire is producing a large amount of smoke. • If the fire is more than 2 ft. high or is moving rapidly. • The final rule, and most important— Always place yourself between the fire and an exit. Never try to use an extinguisher without an Services escape route. Loss Control 54

DO’s & DON’T’s IN EMERGENCIES • DONT’s – Don’t Create Panic. Be Calm and Assess the Situation [Lucknow Railway Station Stampede] – Don’t Spread Rumors – Clearly follow instructions and don’t stay back to collect your belongings – Don’t Run. Fast March – Don’t Rush with your vehicles to obstruct the Entry-Exit Main Points – Don’t Park your vehicles at wrong place Loss Control Services 55

• DO’s – Pick up the nearest Fire Extinguishers and Fight – Keep Telephone Lines Free – Inform Fire/Safety Department Imediately – Assist External Aid Agencies – Clearly Listen and Follow the Instructions of the Incident Commander – Help the Fire Fighting Team if asked to do so – Inform your authorities – Immediately Evacuate if asked to do so Loss Control Services 56

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