BASIC TRANSLATION WHAT IS TRANSLATION Translation is an

BASIC TRANSLATION

WHAT IS TRANSLATION? Translation is an activity of transferring the idea/messages of a text in one language— called the source text—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language— called the target text, or the translation. Translation vs. Interpretation Translation ---> written texts Interpretation ---> uses oral channel

Translator’s skills 1. Complete knowledge of both source and target speech. 2. Write appropiately in both source and target language. 3. Ability to have language intuition ““to grasp various expressions, idioms and specific vocabulary and their uses”” 4. Be aware of the “”cultural divergence and diverse strategies in the source and target verbal communication”” 5. Be aware of diverse registers, styles of speaking, and social stratification of both source and target language. 6. You have to be provided with encyclopedias and bilingual dictionaries in a specific context 7. You have to take control of the different kind of speeches in both source and target language.

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT KINDS OF TRANSLATION 1. Literal translation 2. Communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic translation 3. Free translation

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Literal Translation Aku I ingin berdansa denganmu want to dance with you

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Suaramu begitu indah Your voice is so beautiful

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Ada sejumlah anak laki-laki sedang menunggu di luar There a number of boys waiting outside Dia tidak percaya kalau hantu itu ada He doesn’t believe that ghosts exist Suharto telah meninggal dunia dengan tenang Suharto has peacefully passed away Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh United we stand, divided we fall.

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Saya tidak tahu bagaimana dengan orang lain, tapi ketika saya masih muda dan berumur 20 -an, saya takut pada pernikahan. I don’t know with other people, but when I was young and about 20’s, I was afraid of marriage. Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menyatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. We the people of Indonesia herewith to proclaim the independence of Indonesia

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Pemindahan penduduk asli Amerika dari bagian timur Sungai Mussissipi pertama kali diusulkan Presiden Thomas Jefferson. The relocation of the American natives from eastern Mississipi River was firstly proposed by President Thomas Jefferson. Burung laut Artik pernah lama berada di urutan teratas sebagai burung dengan jarak migrasi terpanjang. Artic seagulls (sea-birds) have long been on the top rank as the bird with the longest distance of migration.

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Communicative/ Dynamic/ Idiomatic (Communicative : Newmark) (Dynamic : Nida) (Idiomatic : Larsen) Omong-omong By the way Tidak bisa! Nggak mungkinlah! No way! Yang benar saja Give me a break

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Sangat baik! Never better! Ini hal yang sangat gampang. It’s a piece of cake. Awas kaca! Glass. Don’t touch! Fragile! Ayo, ambil keputusan bung! Tetapkan pilihanmu! Make up your mind man!

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Aquos, unmistakably Japanese Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut I don’t think I have to mention my name right know. My name is not important right now. Pamannya adalah warga banteng His uncle is the member of PDIP

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT COMPARING LITERAL TRANSLATION WITH COMMUNICATIVE-DYNAMIC-IDIOMATIC When do we use literal translation? When do we use communicative or dynamic translation?

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT When literal translation is strongly suggested. You are what you read. Kamu adalah apa yang kamu baca. (literal) Apa yang kamu baca itu akan menunjukkan siapa dirimu sebenarnya. (communicative)

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT When communicative & dynamic translation is strongly suggested and highly recommended It’s a piece of cake Ini sepotong kue Ini hal yang sangat gampang Awas kaca! Beware of glass! Glass. Don’t touch! Dia masih kosong She’s still empty She has no boyfriend

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT Aquos, unmistakably Japanese Aquos, produk Jepang yang tak bisa salah. Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut For this time my name is not necessary to mention I don’t think I have to mention my name right know My name is not important right now. Pamanya adalah anggota banteng His uncle is the member of buffalo His uncle is the member of PDIP

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT “It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may express some parts of his translation (words, phrases, clauses, sentences) in very natural forms (idiomatic, dynamic, communicative), and then in other parts fall back into a literal form” (Larsen, 1984: 17) (Italic letter is addition)

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT A paragraph Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3 Sentence 4 Sentence 5 (Sentence 1) translated by literal translation (sentence 3) translated by literal (Sentence 2) translated by communicative/ dyn/ idio (Sentence 4) translated by literal (Sentence 5) Translated by communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT KINDS OF TEXT (BASED ON THE FUCNTION) EXPRESSIVE TEXT INFORMATIVE TEXT VOCATIVE TEXT

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION Emphasizing : author centered, personal use, self-oriented, creative, subjective, etc Used in : poetry, speech, novel, drama, popular writing, etc. Translation : mostly dynamic & communicative translation INFORMATIVE FUNCTION Emphasizing : the content the text, extra-linguistic information, etc Used in : news, reports, agreement, academic writing, science and technology, etc Translation : literal & dynamic/ communicative

VOCATIVE FUNCTION Emphasizing : the readership, persuade readers to act as expected by the author/ writer, etc Used in : advertising, propaganda, campaign, announcement, instruction, regulation, etc. Translation : mostly literal

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION DEFINITION Semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically from the propositional meaning of a word (Baker, 1992: 47) Habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items (Newmark, 1988) Kolokasi merupakan kombinasi tetap beberapa kata dimana makna masing-masing kata pembentuknya pada dasarnya dipertahankan (Simatupang, 1999: 57)

COLLOCATION Example: verb and noun The verb “pay” collocates with noun: “attention” in “to pay attention” “respect” in “to pay respect” “visit” in “to pay a visit”

COLLOCATION COMMON COLLOCATION • verb plus noun • noun plus adjective • noun plus noun • verb plus adverb

COLLOCATION The verb “deliver” collocates with noun: speechin “to deliver a speech” news in “to deliver news” blow in “to deliver a blow” verdict baby in “to deliver a baby” in “to deliver a verdict”

COLLOCATION When two words collocate, the relationship can hold between all or several of their various forms, combined in any grammatically acceptable order. (Baker, 1992: 47) “achieve” and “aim” achieving aims having been achieved achievable aims the achievement of an aim

COLLOCATION AND TRANSLATION Where there is an accepted collocation in the source language, the translator must find and use its equivalent in the target language if it exists.

COLLOCATION verb and noun SOURCE TEXT TRANSLATION BASED ON LITERAL MEANING TRANSLATION BASED ON COLLOCATION - melakukan perjalanan - do a trip - make a trip - membantu kelahiran - assist a baby-birth - deliver a baby - melakukan kunjungan - do a visit - pay a visit - menghasilkan uang - generate money - make (earn) money - menciptakan perdamaian - create peace - make peace - memandu orketra - guide an orchestra - conduct an orchestra - minum obat - drink medicine - take medicine - makan waktu - eat time - take time - melakukan usaha - do a effort - make an effort

Verb plus Noun Source Text 1. mengalami kecelakaan 2. mengejar bus 3. memberikan putusan 4. mencurahkan perhatian 5. menyampaikan pidato 6. pencipta perdamaian 7. pecahnya perang 8. meletusnya perang 9. dampak rumahkaca 10. penyakit mental Translation based on Literal Meaning Translation based on Collocation Meaning

COLLOCATION verb plus noun - mengalami kecelakaan - experience an accident - have an accident - mengejar bus - pursue a bus - catch a bus - memberikan putusan - give a verdict - deliver a verdict - mencurahkan perhatian - give attention - pay attention - menyampaikan pidato - present a speech - deliver a speech - etc

COLLOCATION NOUN PLUS NOUN • pencipta perdamaian peace-creator peace-maker • pecahnya perang the break of war the outbreak of war • meletusnya perang the eruption of war the outbreak of war • dampak rumahkaca greenhouse impact greenhouse-effect • penyakit mental disease mental illness • etc etc

COLLOCATION NOUN AND ADJECTIVE tinggi tall man high mountain

COLLOCATION lebat dense forest ----- heavy/ hard rain tebal thick wood ----- dense fog cepat quick response --- fast car --- rapid progress

COLLOCATION rusak broken chair damaged item jauh far sight long distance kuat strong motivation powerful engine

COLLOCATION VERB AND ADVERB sangat highly recommend - strongly suggest etc