Basic Textile Terms and Definitions By Engr Muhammad

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions By Engr. Muhammad Irfan Siyal For TP-1

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � ABSORBENCY: The ability of one material to take up another material. � ADHESION: The force that holds different materials together at their interface and resists separation into two layers. � ADSORPTION: The attraction of gases, liquids, or solids to surface areas of textile fibers, yarns, fabrics, or any material. � AFFINITY: Chemical attraction; the tendency of two elements or substances to unite or combine, such as fiber and dyestuff.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � AGITATE: To stir or to mix, as in the case of a dye-bath or solution. � AIR PERMEABILITY: The porosity or the ease with which air passes through material. Air permeability determines such factors as the wind resistance of sailcloth, the air resistance of parachute cloth, and the efficacy of various types of air filters. It also influences the warmth or coolness of a fabric. � AMORPHOUS: Non-crystalline, lacking regular geometrical shape. � ANIMAL FIBERS: Fibers of animal origin such as wool, alpaca, camel hair, and silk.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � BALE: A bag, sack, square or oblong box, or package into which cotton, or other staple fibers, compressed. The common shipping and storage package for these fibers. � BEAM: A cylinder of wood or metal, usually with a circular flange on each end, on which warp yarns are wound for any further textile process. � BINDER: An adhesive applied with a solvent or a sofetnable plastic melted to bond fibers together in a web or to bind one web to another. � BLEACHING: Any of several processes to remove the natural and artificial impurities in fabrics to obtain clear whites.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � BLEEDING: Loss of color by a fabric or yarn when immersed in water, a solvent, or a similar liquid medium, as a result of improper dyeing or the use of dyes of poor quality. Fabrics that bleed can cause staining of white or light shade fabrics in contact with them while wet. � BLENDING: The combining of staple fibers of different physical characteristics to assure a uniform distribution of these fibers throughout the yarn. � BRAID: A narrow textile band, often used as trimming or binding, formed by plaiting several strands of yarn. The fabric is formed by interfacing the yarns diagonally to the production axis of the material. � BUCKRAM: A fabric with a stiff finish, often used as interlining.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � CARD: � CELLULOSE: A carbohydrate which is the chief component of the cell walls of plants. Cellulose is found in wood and in cotton, linen, jute, hemp, and all of the leaf, and stem fibers. It is a basic raw material in the manufacture of rayon, acetate, and triacetate fiber. � COHESION: The force that holds fibers together during yarn manufacturing or processing. It is usually a function of lubricant (type and amount) and fiber crimps. � COLORFASTNESS: Resistance to fading; i. e. , the property of a dye to retain its color when the dyed (or printed) textile material is exposed to conditions or agents such as light, perspiration, atmospheric gases, or washing that can remove or destroy the color. A machine used in the manufacture of staple yarns. Its functions are to separate, align, and deliver the fibers in a rope form and to remove impurities.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � CONE: A conical package of yarn, usually wound on a disposable � COUNT: A numerical designation of yarn size indicating the relationship of length to weight or weight to length. � COVER FACTOR: The fraction of the surface area that is covered by yarns assuming round yarn shape. � CREASE: A break or line in a fabric generally caused by a sharp fold. � CREEL: A framework arranged to hold slivers, rovings, or yarns so that many ends can be withdrawn smoothly and evenly without tangling. � CRIMP: The waviness of a fiber expressed as crimps per unit length. paper core.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � CROSS-SECTION: The shape of an individual filament when cut at right angles to its axis. � CRYSTALLINE: the region of fiber, in which the polymers are arranged parallel to each other. � CURING: In finishing fabrics, the process by which resins or plastics are set in or on textile materials, usually by heating. � DEFORMATION: A change in the shape of a specimen, e. g. , an increase in length produced as the result of the application of a tensile load or force. Deformation may be immediate or delayed, and the latter may be recoverable or non-recoverable.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � DENIM: A heavy fabric, often having a whitish tinge, obtained by using white filling yarns with colored warp yarns. � DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: The ability of textile material to maintain or return to its original geometric configuration. � DRAWING: The process of attenuating or increasing the length per unit weight of laps, slivers, slubbings, or rovings. The hot or cold stretching of continuous filament yarn or tow to align and arrange the crystalline structure of the molecules to achieve improved tensile properties. � � DYEING: A process of coloring fibers, yarns, or fabrics with either natural or synthetic dyes. � DYES: Substances that add color to textiles.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � ELASTOMERS: Synthetic polymers having properties of natural rubber such as high stretch-ability and recovery. � ELONGATION: The deformation in the direction of load caused by a tensile force. � EMBROIDERY: Ornamental designs worked on a fabric with threads. � EXTRACTION: Removal of one substance from another, often accomplished by means of a solvent. � FABRIC: A planar textile structure produced by interlacing or interlooping yarns, fibers, or filaments.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � FIBER: A unit of matter, that forms the basic element of fabrics and other textile structures and characterized by having a length at least 100 times its diameter or width. � FILAMENT: A fiber of an indefinite or extreme length such as found naturally in silk. � FILLING: In a woven fabric, the yarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp. Each crosswise length is called a pick. � FINISH: 1. A substance or mixture of substances added to textile materials to impart desired properties. 2. A process, physical or chemical, performed on textile materials to produce a desired effect. � FLOAT: The portion of a warp or filling yarn that extends over two or more adjacent filling picks or warp ends in weaving for the purpose of forming certain designs.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � FUZZINESS: A term describing a woven fabric defect characterized by a hairy appearance due to broken fibers or filaments. � HYDROPHILIC: Having strong affinity for or the ability to absorb water. � HYDROPHOBIC: Lacking affinity for or the ability to absorb water. � LINEAR DENSITY: Mass per unit length expressed in different units. � LOOM: A machine for weaving fabric by interlacing a series of vertical, parallel threads (the warp) with a series of horizontal, parallel threads (the filling).

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � NOIL: A short fiber that is rejected in the combing process of yarn manufacture. � ORIFICE: Generally, an opening. Used specifically to refer to the small holes in spinnerets through which the polymer flows in the manufacture of fibers. � PADDING: The application of a liquor or paste to textiles either by passing the material through a bath and subsequently through squeeze rollers, or by passing it between squeeze rollers, the bottom one of which carries the liquor or paste. � PIRN: 1. A wood, paper, or plastic support, cylindrical or slightly tapered, with or without a conical base, on which yarn is wound. � 2. The double-tapered take-up yarn package from draw-twisting of nylon, polyester, and other melt spun yarns.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � POLYMER: A high molecular weight, chain-like structure from which manufactured fibers are derived; produced by linking together molecular units called monomers. � PRINT PASTE: The mixture of gum or thickener, dye, and appropriate chemicals used in printing fabrics. Viscosity varies according to the types of printing equipment, the type of cloth, the degree of penetration desired, etc. � QUILL: A light, tapered tube of wood, metal, paper, or plastic on which the filling yarn is wound for use in the shuttle during weaving.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � REED: A comb-like device on a loom that separates the warp yarns and also beats each succeeding filling thread against that already woven. The reed usually consists of a top and bottom rib of wood into which metal strips or wires are set. � RING: The device that carries the traveler up and down the package in ring spinning. (Also see RING SPINNING and REVOLVING RING SPINNING. ) � SCREEN: It is made of fine cloth, or metal sheet usually of silk or nylon, finely perforated in areas to form a design and mounted on a frame. The printing paste is forced through the perforations onto the fabric, leaving the design. � SHRINKAGE: Widthwise or lengthwise contraction of a fiber, yarn, or fabric, usually after wetting a re-drying or on exposure to elevated temperature.

Basic Textile Terms and Definitions � SPINNERET: A metal disc containing numerous minute holes used in manufactured fiber extrusion. The spinning solution or melted polymer is forced through the holes to form the fiber filaments. � STAPLE: Natural fibers or cut lengths from filaments. The staple length of natural fibers varies from less than 1 inch as with some cotton fibers to several feet for some hard fibers. Manufactured staple fibers are cut to a definite length, from 8 inches down to about 1 inch. � � STIFFNESS: The property of a fiber or fabric to resist bending or to carry a load without deformation. � TRAVELER: A C-shaped, metal clip that revolves around the ring on a ring spinning frame. It guides the yarn onto the bobbin as twist is inserted into the yarn.