Basic Separation Techniques Filtration Crystallization Sedimentation Distillation Extraction

Basic Separation Techniques • • • Filtration Crystallization Sedimentation Distillation Extraction Chromatography • Note: all depend on physical properties of the substances in a mixture; no chemical changes occur

Filtration Separates components of a mixture based upon differences in particle size. Normally separating a precipitate from a solution, or particles from an air stream. Key step is purification of drinking water.

Crystallization Separation is based upon differences in solubility of components in a mixture. Here, the product is precipitated from solution as the solution cools. Essential substances in computer chips and other electronic devices are purified by a type of crystallization.

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Distillation Separation is based upon differences in volatility, the tendency of a substance to become gas. See next slide for diagram

Extraction Separation is based upon differences in solubility in different solvents (major material). See next slide for diagram

Chromatography Separation is based upon differences in solubility in a solvent (mobile phase) versus a stationary phase. Many types: HPLC and GLC Paper Chromatography Column Chromatography