Basic Physics Scalar magnitude Vector magnitude and direction

Basic Physics

Scalar magnitude Vector magnitude and direction

Kinematics distance displacement velocity average instantaneous acceleration average instantaneous

Dynamics Newton’s Three Laws Law of Inertia F = ma Action-Reaction Momentum-Impulse p = mv F = time rate of change of momentum

Work and Energy Work force displacement parallel Work-Energy Theorem Kinetic Energy Conservative Forces Potential Energy Non-Conservative Forces

Rotational Motion angular displacement angular velocity angular acceleration moment of inertia rotational kinetic energy torque

Thermodynamics Temperature First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Efficiency Carnot Engine

Electricity

Voltage Electric Potential Difference potential energy/charge measured in Volts (J/C) VA – V B > 0 Equipotential Surface A + B

Capacitors Way of storing energy C = Q/V Farad = Coulomb/Volt • typical units are m. F Parallel Plate capacitor Conducting Plates Dielectric

Current flow of electrical charge I = q/t DC current flows in one direction AC direction of current flow alternates

Generators Induction changing magnetic flux* can produce an emf Transformers step-up step-down

Resistance ability of an object to resist the flow of current depends on material (resistivity (r) or conductivity (s)) on shape • long – high resistance • wide – low resistance on temperature Conductors Insulators Semi-Conductors

Ohm’s Law V = IR Power = IV = I 2 R = V 2/R implications for energy delivery Symbol for resistance

Combinations of Resistors Series Parallel

Light Bulbs Incandescent Fluorescent

Nuclear Physics E = mc 2

Atoms Nucleus protons neutrons Electrons Atomic Number (Z) = # of protons Atomic Mass (A) = # of protons (Z) + neutrons (N)

Radioactive Decay a – decay a particle consists of two protons and neutrons (bare helium nucleus) atomic number goes down by 2 atomic mass goes down by 4

Radioactive Decay b – decay b particle is an electron atomic number increases by 1 atomic mass is unchanged

Radioactive Decay g – decay g particle is high energy photon atomic number is unchanged atomic mass is unchanged

Fission Heavy nucleus splits into two smaller pieces Fusion Smaller nuclei combine to form larger nucleus

Fission of Uranium-235 Released Energy Kinetic Energy of Fragments 83. 5% Instantaneous g-rays 2. 5% Kinetic Energy of Neutrons 2. 5% b-decay of products 3. 5% g rays from products 3. 0% Neutrinos 5. 0%

Fission of Uranium-235

Fission of Uranium-235 Released Energy Kinetic Energy of Fragments 83. 5% Instantaneous g-rays 2. 5% Kinetic Energy of Neutrons 2. 5% b-decay of products 3. 5% g rays from products 3. 0% Neutrinos 5. 0%

Fusion smaller nuclei fuse to form larger nucleus power source of the Sun hydrogen to helium ending mass < beginning mass

Proton-Proton Chain + 1 H 2 H + e + + n 2 H + 1 H 3 He + g 3 He + 3 He 4 He + 2 (1 H) 4 protons converted to one helium 1 H

CNO cycle + 12 C 13 N + g 13 N 13 C + e+ + n 1 H + 13 C 14 N + g 1 H + 14 N 15 O + g 15 O 15 N + e+ + n 1 H + 15 N 12 C + 4 He 1 H