Basic Nursing Foundations of Skills Concepts Chapter 14

Basic Nursing: Foundations of Skills & Concepts Chapter 14 THE LIFE CYCLE

Basic Concepts of Growth and Development occurs continuously Throughout the life span. n n n Growth - measurable changes in the physical size of the body and its parts. Development - behavioral changes in functional abilities and skills. Maturation - the process of becoming full grown.

Remember! n There are no absolute rules in predicting the exact rate of development for any given individual.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development Heredity. n Life Experiences. n Health Status. n Cultural Expectations. n

Major Developmental Theories Physiological Dimension. n Psychosocial Dimension. n Cognitive Dimension. n Moral Dimension. n Spiritual Dimension. n

Psychosocial Dimension: Self-Concept n Self-concept is one’s perception of oneself, including body image, selfesteem and ideal self. n n n Characteristics of positive self-help include: Self-confidence. Willingness to take risks. Ability to receive criticism without becoming defensive. Ability to adapt effectively to stressors. Innovative problem-solving skills.

Psychosocial Dimension: Intrapsychic Theory Focuses on unconscious processes. n Feelings, needs, conflicts, and drives are considered to be motivators of behavior, learning, and development. n Key theorists include Sigmund Freud, Erikson, and Robert Havighurst. n

Psychosocial Dimension: Intrapersonal Theory Theorizes that relationships with others influence how one’s personality develops. n Key theorist is Harry Stack Sullivan. n

Cognitive Dimension Key theorist is Jean Piaget, who enumerates four phases of intellectual development: n n Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations

Moral Dimension n The moral dimension consists of a person’s value system, which helps differentiate right from wrong. Moral maturity is the ability to independently decide for oneself what is “right. ” Key theorist is Lawrence Kohlberg, who describes six stages of moral development.

Spiritual Dimension The spiritual dimension is characterized by a sense of personal meaning. n Spirituality refers to relationships with one’s self, with others, and with a higher power or divine source. n Key theorist is J. W. Fowler, who outlines six distinct stages of faith development. n

Holistic Framework for Nursing n Nursing’s holistic perspective recognizes the progression of individual development across the life span.

11 Developmental Stages of The Life Cycle n n n Prenatal Neonatal Infant Toddler Preschooler School-age n n n Preadolescent Adolescent Young adult Middle adult Older adult

Prenatal Period Nursing Implications n To teach new mothers how to relax thereby promoting a supportive environment for developing embryo and fetus. Wellness Promotion n Proper Nutrition. n Screening. n Counseling. n Promoting use of alternative modalities to reduce stress.

Neonatal Period Nursing Implications n In first few hours after birth, nurse should encourage parents to cuddle the newborn, explain the neonate’s interactive abilities, and encourage mutual eye contact. Wellness Promotion n Assessing neonate’s physiological status. n Providing warm environment. n Monitoring nutritional status. n Conducting screening tests.

Infancy Nursing Implications n Focus on safety, prevention of infection, and teaching parents to incorporate child into the family. Wellness Promotion n Teaching growth and development concepts. n Teaching benefits of breastfeeding. n Advocating administration of necessary immunizations.

Toddler Period Nursing Implications n Awareness of child’s anxiety with strangers. n Play is effective tool for building rapport with children of this age. Wellness Promotion n Teaching proper hygiene to prevent infections. n Nutritional counseling.

Preschool Period Nursing Implications n Play is a tool that can be used by nurses to alleviate fear and anxiety in children of this age. Wellness Promotion n Teaching health education. n Keeping immunization records.

School-Age Period Nursing Implications & Wellness Promotion n Cautioning against accidents. n Health promotion teaching.

Preadolescence Nursing Implications n Sensitivity. n Nonjudgmental approach. n Attention to body language. Wellness Promotion n Information about lifestyle: nutrition, rest. n Teaching about physiological changes occurring, including growth spurt and sexual change.

Adolescence Nursing Implications n Need to encourage adolescents to share their health concerns with parents, but must honor adolescent’s choice to withhold sensitive information. Wellness Promotion n Health education regarding hygiene, nutrition, sex education, developmental changes, and substance abuse prevention.

Young Adulthood Nursing Implications n This age group takes health for granted. Nurses must recognize the dangers in that. Wellness Promotion n Fostering avoidance of accidents, injury, and violence. n Advocating development of health-promoting behaviors.

Middle Adulthood Nursing Implications n Health more fragile. Nurses can help identify risk factors and provide early intervention. Wellness Promotion n Encourage clients to assume more responsibility for their own health. n Encourage influenza and pneumococcal immunizations.

Older Adulthood Nursing Implications n To help older adults achieve a sense of wellbeing. n Encourage family members to participate in positive life review with elderly client. Wellness Promotion n Aim for functional independence. n Promote regular physical activity, a positive mental attitude, and developing and maintaining healthy lifestyles.