BASIC LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS by Don L F Nilsen

BASIC LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS by Don L. F. Nilsen 8 1

LIN 516 CARDS • • • Your name (first name first) LIN 516 Fall, 2009 • Local address & zip • Permanent Address & zip • Non-ASU e-mail • Languages you’ve studied • 1 st six years of life: State or Country • Tentative title of research paper (see next slide) 8 2

LIN 516 Research Paper Must Deal with Sophisticated Discourse Allusion Communicative Competence Conversational Implicatures Double Entendre Epiphany Ethnic Differences Formality Differences Gender Differences Hyperbole Humor Interactional Sociolinguistics Intertextuality Irony Jargon Lexical Packing Language Acquisition Linguistic Relativity Metaphor Metonymy Naming of Persons, Places or Things Paradox Parody Prose Styles Prototype Theory Regional Differences Rhetorical Devices (Schemes & Tropes) Satire Signifying Speech Acts Symbolism Synecdoche VARIES model 8 3

Some Research-Paper Guidelines The Impotence of Proofreading (Taylor Mali): http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Oon. DPGw. Ayf. Q&feature=search Victor Borge Phonetic Punctuation http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. F 4 qii 8 S 3 gw&feature=search 8 4

WORD-ATTACK SKILLS: Analysis vs. Synthesis: Parsing vs. Generative Grammar Denotation vs. Connotation: Pro-Choice vs. Pro-Life views of “abortion” Systematic vs. Accidental Gaps: “schplick” vs. “blick” 8 5

LEVELS OF ADEQUACY: Prescriptive Adequacy: What people should do Descriptive Adequacy: What people do do Explanatory Adequacy: Patterns, Trends, and Predictions Evaluative Adequacy: Based on Elegance Simplicity Completeness Internal Consistency Generative Power 8 6

SURFACE STRUCTURE: Syntax Allotag Tagmeme Morphology Allomorph Morpheme Graphology Allograph Grapheme Phonology Allophone Phoneme 8 7

DEEP STRUCTURE: Pragmatics Allobehavior Behavioreme Pragmatics (Context, Deictics, Anaphora, Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, Intent, Felicity Conditions) Semantics Alloseme 8 Sememe 8

!LANGUAGE VARIATION SPEAKING, PARLANT, VARIES: V-Vocational Differences A-Age Differences Individual Language R-Regional Differences I-Informality Differences E-Ethnic Differences S-Sex Differences 8 9

!!FORM-MEANING CORRELATION CONTRAST SOUNDS, SPELLINGS AND MEANINGS: Antonyms: tall vs. short Converses: buy vs. sell Cognates: embarrassed vs. embarazada Heteronyms: minute vs. minute Homographs: bank vs. bank Homonyms: Homographs or Homophones: too vs. two vs. to Hyponyms: metaphor vs. metaphor Synonyms: big vs. large 8 10

!!!WORD-LEVEL VS. SENTENCE-LEVEL GRAMMAR LEXICAL: SYNTACTIC: AMBIGUITY: Take your pick! Call me a taxi! ANOMALY: She wanted a gnepf. John me cow a gave. PARAPHRASE: William hit a policeman. vs. Bill slugged a cop. 8 Bill hit John. vs. John was hit by Bill. 11

References: Clark, Virginia P. , Paul A. Eschholz, and Alfred F. Rosa, eds. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6 th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, eds. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, 10 th Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, 8 th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007. Mey, Jacob. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2 nd Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001. 8 12