Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply Waste Management and
Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply, Waste Management, and Pollution Control SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 13 Air Pollution and Control Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -1 Molecular nitrogen and oxygen are the main constituents of the atmosphere, but “clean” air also contains argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of several other gases. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -2 In the troposphere, temperature normally drops with increasing distance from Earth’s surface; in the stratosphere, temperature increases with increasing distance or altitude. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -3 Example of a wind rose. Positions of spokes show wind direction; total length shows percentage of time, for the reporting period, that the wind was blowing from that direction. Shaded segments show the percentage of time the wind was blowing at the indicated speed. (From Environmental Engineering and Sanitation, J. A. Salvato. Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -4 Illustration of unstable atmospheric conditions, when the environmental lapse rate (e. g. , – 2° per 100 m) exceeds the adiabatic lapse rate. In this example, buoyant forces keep the air parcels moving in a vertical direction. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -5 The temperature profile that separates stable atmospheric conditions from unstable conditions is the adiabatic lapse rate. The air is very stable during an inversion, when temperatures increase with height above the ground or altitude. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -6 When a temperature inversion begins above the ground because of local weather conditions, it acts as a lid or ceiling that prevents further vertical mixing and traps pollutants below it. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -7 Characteristic sizes of liquid and solid particulates. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -8 The amount of incoming energy from the sun is in equilibrium with the energy radiated and reflected back into space. The atmosphere acts as a “blanket” that regulates average temperatures at the Earth’s surface. The “thicker” the blanket (i. e. , the more “greenhouse gases” in the atmosphere), the warmer is the temperature in the lower atmosphere and Earth’s surface. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -9 Common radon entry points. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -10 Subslab ventilation. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -11 Heat-recovery ventilation. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -12 EPA Method 5 sampling train for particulates. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -13 High-volume sampler with PM 10 inlet. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -14 Weatherproof tripod-mounted ambient PM 2. 5 sampler, which can be operated by a battery for up to 24 hours or by a solar panel. (Courtesy of BGI Incorporated. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -15 Cyclone collector for personal sampling applications. (Courtesy of BGI Incorporated. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -16 A glass bubbler or absorber may be used for sampling specific gaseous pollutants. For example, hydrogen peroxide will absorb sulfur dioxide from the air, forming sulfuric acid. The level of sulfur dioxide in the air can be computed after measuring the amount of sulfuric acid in the bubbler. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -17 A three-gas sampler can simultaneously test for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide (or other pollutant gases) over a 24 -h period. It is typically enclosed in a portable all-weather shelter (not shown here) and can be used anywhere that a power line is available. After a sampling cycle is completed the absorbing reagent tubes are removed and sent to a laboratory for analysis. (Courtesy of New Star Environmental, Inc. , Roswell, Georgia. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -18 Displacement bottle. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
TABLE 13 -1 Primary and Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -19 A settling chamber or enlarged flue section provides a simple way to remove settleable particulates at the source. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -20 In a cyclone collector, particulates are spun out toward the outer wall by inertia. They are slowed down by friction and settle to the bottom; clean air flows upward and out the top. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -21 The spray tower is a type of wet scrubber that removes suspended particulates from the carrier gas. Most of the dirty water is clarified and recycled. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -22 Cutaway view of an electrostatic precipitator. (Courtesy of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -23 Section view of a baghouse filter. The filters may be cleaned by mechanical vibrations or by blowing clean air back through the unit. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -24 A cross-flow scrubber. (From Theodore & Buonicone, Air Pollution Control Equipment, 1 st ed. Copyright © 1982, p. 48. Reprinted and electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -25 Limestone FGD flow diagram. (Reprinted by permission of Waveland Press, Inc. , from C. D. Cooper and F. C. Alley, Air Pollution Control: A Design Approach, 2 nd ed. [Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. , 1994]. All rights reserved. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -26 Activated carbon can be used to adsorb certain gaseous air pollutants. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 13 -27 Schematic of a thermal incinerator. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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