Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply Waste Management and

Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply, Waste Management, and Pollution Control SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 11 Municipal Solid Waste Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -1 An overview of solid waste management activities and facilities. Infrastructure refers to the types of public and private works that are built to handle the solid wastes. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -2 A general classification of municipal solid waste (MSW). Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -3 MSW components in the United States (percent by weight), before recycling. In 2010, U. S. residents, businesses, and institutions produced a total of approximately 250 million tons of MSW. This is equivalent to a waste generation rate of about 4. 5 lb person per day, up from 2. 7 lb person per day in 1960. About 34 percent of the 250 million tons is recovered for recycling and composting annually, up from 10 percent in 1980. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -4 Enclosed compaction-type refuse collection vehicles reduce the volume of collected waste material by at least 50 percent. (Courtesy of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -5 At a direct-discharge transfer station, several collection trucks deposit refuse into a larger vehicle for hauling to a more distant disposal site. (From J. A. Salvato, Environmental Engineering and Sanitation, 4 th ed. , Wiley, New York. Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , and by courtesy of ARCADIS US. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -6 Schematic of a rotary kiln waste-to-energy furnace. (From J. A. Salvato, Environmental Engineering and Sanitation, 4 th ed. , Wiley, New York. Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -7 Horizontal shaft hammer mill. (Courtesy of EPA. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -8 High-pressure compaction units can be used for making rectangular bales or blocks of solid waste. (Findlay/Alamy) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -9 Compost windrow turning machines rebuild the windrow as they move forward. (From U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Design Manual EM 1110 -2 -501, Design, Construction, and Operation - Small Wastewater Systems. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -10 Schematic of an aeraeted static pile composting system. (From G. Tchobanglous et al. , Integrated Solid Waste Management, Mc. Graw-Hill, New York, 1993. Copyright © 1993 Mc. Graw-Hill. Used with permission. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -11 (a) Aluminum cans are placed in a hopper and carried along a moving belt; then they move through a magnetic separator that removes any steel cans. (b) The cans may be crushed and baled or shredded as shown here, prior to reprocessing. (Courtesy of Aluminum Association, Inc. , Washington, DC. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -11 (continued) (a) Aluminum cans are placed in a hopper and carried along a moving belt; then they move through a magnetic separator that removes any steel cans. (b) The cans may be crushed and baled or shredded as shown here, prior to reprocessing. (Courtesy of Aluminum Association, Inc. , Washington, DC. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -12 A medium-duty truck for applications in residential refuse and recycling curbside collection. (Courtesy of KANN Manufacturing Corporation. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -13 A compressed bale or “biscuit” of aluminum compressed and extruded for recycling. (Courtesy of Chinch Gryniewicz/Ecoscene/Corbis. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -14 Final cover or cap of an MSW sanitary landfill. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -15 Cross section of an MSWLF composite bottom line. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -16 In the ramp method of landfill construction, refuse is placed and compacted on a slope. Bottom liners are not shown. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -17 The basic building block of a sanitary landfill is a compacted cell of solid waste, which is separated from other cells by a layer of compacted soil. (Bottom liner and cap details are not shown. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -18 A steel-wheeled compactor, one of several types of heavy machinery needed for daily operation of a municipal sanitary landfill. (Courtesy of Terex Corporation. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -19 Phasing plan for a multiphase landfill: (a) lower phase, (b) upper phase, (c) cross section. (From Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Landfills, A. Bagchi. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -20 Methane gas can be vented through the cap of a completed landfill to dilute it below dangerous levels. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 11 -21 Landfill gas extraction. (Courtesy of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved