Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply Waste Management and
Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply, Waste Management, and Pollution Control SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 5 Water Pollution Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -1 Dispersed source pollutants are more difficult to control than are point source pollutants, which can be collected and removed from the water. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -2 Thermal pollution from power plants can be eliminated by using recirculating cooling towers ponds. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -3 a In a natural draft cooling tower, the waste heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. The towers are typically about 100 m in diameter and about 130 m in height. (Courtesy of fototrm 12/Fotolia) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -3 b In a natural draft cooling tower, the waste heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. The towers are typically about 100 m in diameter and about 130 m in height. (Courtesy of fototrm 12/Fotolia) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -4 Diversion channels reduce the distance of overland sheet flow, thereby reducing soil erosion and sedimentation of nearby streams and lakes. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -5 A typical hay bale and gravel filter, which prevents sediment from entering a drainage system and then local streams, is usually used in the vicinity of active construction sites. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -6 A temporary fence can be constructed to control erosion at a construction site. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -7 Dilution of pollutants from a point source, such as a sewage treatment plant, occurs within the mixing zone of the stream. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -8 The oxygen sag curve shows the effect of organic pollution on the DO levels in a stream or river. After the organics decompose, surface reaeration will restore the original water quality. This is called stream selfpurification. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -9 Under heavy loads of pollution, the DO level may drop to zero. This results in obnoxious odors and very unsightly conditions in the water. With additional time and distance downstream, the water will eventually be reaerated and water quality will be restored. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -10 The zones of pollution in a stream that receives biodegradable organic contaminants. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -11 The critical time tc and the critical oxygen deficit Dc can be computed using appropriate equations. The minimum DO is the difference between the saturation DO level and the computed deficit. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -12 Four stages in the life of a lake. All lakes go through a natural aging process called eutrophication. Human activity often accelerates this process. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -13 Seasonal stratification and overturn of a lake or reservoir has an effect on water quality. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -14 Diagram showing two sources of ground water pollution from industrial waste disposal—a leaky surface impoundment or lagoon and deep well wastewater injection. The arrows indicate the direction of flow of the pollutants. A bottom liner for the lagoon and thorough geological exploration of the saline aquifer can help prevent the pollution. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -15 Groundwater can be polluted from on-site sewage disposal systems. Wells located downhill from septic absorption fields are susceptible to contamination. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -16 Saltwater intrusion into coastal area wells is a significant source of groundwater contamination. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -17 Water cycle in hydraulic fracturing. (Courtesy of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -18 Water use and potential concerns in hydraulic fracturing operations. (Courtesy of EPA. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -19 The Chesapeake Bay watershed encompasses land in six states and is tributary to the largest estuary in the United States. (Courtesy of EPA) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -20 Sewage effluent from an ocean outfall pipe forms a rising column in ocean water because of its lower density. The column reaches the surface in a boil. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -21 Multiport diffusers at the end of an ocean outfall pipe increase the mixing and dilution of sewage in the seawater, thereby preventing the formation of plumes. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 5 -22 Three different types of water quality standards are enforced by the EPA and state regulatory agencies to protect public health and environment. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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