Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply Waste Management and
Basic Environmental Technology Water Supply, Waste Management, and Pollution Control SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Basic Concepts Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -1 Most environmental problems pertaining to air, water, and land quality are interrelated. A problem called acid rain, for example, is caused by air pollution, and it damages both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -2 Communicable diseases are spread in several ways, many of which can be controlled or intercepted by applications of modern environmental technology. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -3 Simplified diagram of a food chain. Nutrients are recycled, but energy must be continuously supplied by the sun. The efficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is less than 10 percent. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -4 Schematic diagram of photosynthesis. Energy from the sun is stored in organic molecules and is available for use by the next trophic level. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -5 Schematic diagram of respiration, the opposite of photosynthesis. Organic matter is metabolized or “burned, ” thereby releasing the stored energy for use by consumer organisms. Enzymes are chemicals that help the metabolism reactions occur in the living cell. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -6 putrefaction. Anaerobic decomposition of proteins in the absence of free or molecular oxygen is called Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -7 Simplified diagram of the carbon cycle. The arrows show the various directions of carbon transfer through the biosphere. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -8 Simplified diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Molecular nitrogen must first be fixed (combined with oxygen) into the form of nitrate nitrogen before it can be used by plants as a nutrient. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -9 An aquatic ecosystem showing the various biological components of a freshwater or marine habitat. (Courtesy of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -10 Schematic diagram of the rock cycle. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -11 Typical soil gradation curve. The uniformity coefficient C u can be used to classify the soil. (From D. F. Mc. Carthy, Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 2 nd ed. , Reston Pub. Co. , Reston, VA. Copyright 1982. Reprinted and electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 074580. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -12 Well-graded soil (curve A) has lower porosity and permeability than poorly graded soil (curve B). Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -13 Triangular soil classification chart. (Courtesy of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
TABLE 1 -1 Textural Properties of Mineral Soils—Feel and Appearance Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -14 Typical NRCS soil series map. The symbols identify the different soil series in an area. The characteristics of each soil series are described in the NRCS publications. (Courtesy of the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. ) Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1 -15 The slope of the ground surface is important in environmental planning. Slopes of over 15 percent are generally considered to be steep. Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition Jerry A. Nathanson | Richard A. Schneider Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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