Basic English Connectors PART 1 What are connectors

Basic English Connectors PART (1)

What are connectors? Words : however, so , but , … Phrases : in addition to , in fact , for example , …

Why are connectors used? • Connectors are used to link sentences & sometimes clauses, as in : They didn’t win. However, they played better than last week. In addition, they scored two goals. She failed in the exam because she was lazy.

Types of Connectors! ADDING CONNECTORS RESULT CONNECTORS CONTRASTING CONNECTORS TYPES OF CONNECTORS LISTING CONNECTORS TIME CONNECTORS

ADDING CONNECTORS : To add information, supporting ideas presented earlier … • Positions of Connectors: (1) Front (2) Mid (3) End 1. It’s described as downsizing. In other words, people are losing their jobs. 2. Jack is good at languages. He’s also studying engineering. 3. She speaks a little Spanish too/as well. 4. * She speaks a little Spanish also. (( besides, furthermore, indeed, likewise, moreover, That is, for instance, In particular, ……. ))

Examples: • I enjoyed the foreign languages. In particular, I like English. • William doesn’t help with the homework. He has, for example, never washed the dishes. . She told me she wanted to join the college of Basic Education. That is (to say) she wanted to be a primary teacher. . The study of smoking habits is incomplete. There is no mention of teenagers , for instance.

Contrasting Connectors: To show contrast introducing unexpected information…. • Positions : (1) Front (2) Mid (3)End 1. He tried hard. However, he failed. 2. I was offered to ride, but I chose to walk instead. 3. It feels like summer, yet according to the calendar we’re still in early spring. ((( in contrast, nevertheless, on the other hand, rather, in spite of, despite , ……)))

Connectors Used for Adding & Contrasting: ( actually , in fact & after all ) Adding Connectors • I’ve known Jack for years. Actually , we went to the same school. • They went to the same school, in fact. • I don’t have to tell my parents every thing. After all, I am 22. Contrasting Connectors • I call her Aunt Emily , but she is actually , not my cousin. . I called her Aunt Emily, but she is my cousin, in fact. . I’m an adult , after all.

Result Connectors : To show that what follows is a result of or is caused by earlier events: (( therefore, as a result, accordingly, as a consequence, hence, thus, so, consequently , …. . )) 1. The man killed his wife and he decided to do it. Therefore he was guilty of murder. 2. This detergent is highly concentrated and thus you will need to dilute it.

Listing Connectors : to show the order of things in a list or a sequence. . • We can use first (firstly), second (secondly), third (thirdly) , ……. We we sometimes use then or next instead of secondly or thirdly , …etc. 1. We really have to clean the house. First, we have to take out the rubbish. Then/Second, we ‘ll have to wash the dishes piled up in the kitchen sink. Third / Next, we need to scrub the floor because it’s dirty. (( For a start, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, to start with, finally, …… ))

We can use a phrase when we are going provide a summary of points already made: (( to sum up, in brief, in conclusion, in short, to conclude, to summarize )) To sum up, they liked our ideas, but they want to know more about the costs involved.

Adverbs & Phrases as Connectors ADVERBS AS CONNECTORS( actually, also, finally, instead, later, meanwhile, so, therefore, . . ) He wanted to rent near a flat. However, they were • all too expensive. I have been to Morocco several times. Actually, I • have just come back from there. The doctor will see you soon. In the meantime, • PHRASES AS CONNECTORS ( could you complete these forms? in the meantime, to begin with, for One man lied about having a degree in English. He • example, to sum up, as a result, for a had never been to university, in fact. start, in addition, …. . )

Connectors : Focus Structures PART (2) A focus structure is a structure in which one part of a sentence is moved to front position. There are two ways: FRONTING & INVERSION CLEFT SENTENCES I can’t drink coffee. Coffee I can’t drink because it • gives me a headache. Here comes my bus. There goes my bus. • Only then can we decide what to do. • Scarcely had he sat down when the phone rang. • • (it-cleft ) : It was Martin, who broke the window. • (wh. question): What I need is a cup of coffee •

Exercises: • Complete each cleft sentence, emphasizing the underlined part, to express the same meaning: • • 1. The car smoke is damaging our health. It ……………… 2. We had to clean up all the mess. It …………………… 3. Jack watches TV in his room instead of studying. What …………… 4. Scientists now believe that human activity is the cause. What …

The Possible Answer • • 1. It’s the car smoke that’s damaging our health. 2. It was us who had to clean up all the mess. 3. What Jack does is watch TV in his room instead of studying. 4. What scientists now believe is that human activity is the cause.

Connectors or Prepositions CONNECTORS PREPOSITIONS As a result, In addition, • instead, in contrast, as an example, in comparison , …. . • As a result of , in addition to, • instead of, in contrast to, in comparison with/to, as an example of , …….

Examples: 1. Tom went to Cambridge. Sarah chose Oxford instead of Cambridge. • He went to Cambridge. She chose Oxford instead. • Not ( Oxford instead Cambridge ) 2. There was not any butter. We used margarine instead. Instead of the butter we used margarine.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Compiled by : Asst. Prof. Muayad R. Al-Bakri April, 2018