Basic Electricity Overview 2016 Basic Electricity Overview Training

Basic Electricity Overview 2016

Basic Electricity Overview Training Objectives At the conclusion of this training, you should expect to have addressed the following topics: 2016 • Atomic Electricity, o Electricity at its most basic level; • The three characteristics of electrical charges; • The six major sources of electricity; • Current, Voltage, and Resistance, o What are they, o How are they related; Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 2

Basic Electricity Overview Training Objectives Continued: 2016 • Power, o Watts, o Watt-Hour; • Circuits, o Series Circuits, o Parallel Circuits, o How current, voltage, and resistance are calculated in series and parallel circuits; Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 3

Basic Electricity Overview Training Objectives Continued: 2016 • Magnetism, o Electromagnetism, o How a changing magnetic field affects a conductor; • Induction, o Parts of a typical inductor, o What inductors do, o Self-Induction, o Characteristics of inductance; Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 4

Basic Electricity Overview Training Objectives Continued: • 2016 Transformers, o Their construction, o How they work, o The difference between a step-up and a stepdown transformer. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 5

Basic Electricity Overview What is Electricity? 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 6

Basic Electricity Overview Introductions Stephen Gray English Dyer & Astronomer 1666 – 1736 Electrical Conduction 2016 Charles Francois du Fay French Chemist 1698 – 1739 Electrical Charges (+ & -), Conductors, Insulators Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Benjamin Franklin American Polymath 1706 – 1790 Relationship between Electricity & Lightning Page 7

Basic Electricity Overview Introductions James Watt Scottish Inventor 1736 – 1819 Theory of Horsepower, the “WATT” 2016 Alessandro Volta Italian Physicist 1745 – 1827 Voltage, Battery, Capacitance, the “VOLT” Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education André-Marie Ampére French Physicist 1775 – 1836 Electrical Current, Electromagnetism, the “AMPERE” Page 8

Basic Electricity Overview Introductions Hans Christian Ørsted Danish Physicist 1777 – 1851 Relationship between Electric Currents & Magnetic Fields 2016 Georg Simon Ohm German Physicist 1789 – 1854 Ohm’s Law, the “OHM” Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Michael Faraday British Physicist 1791 – 1867 Electromagnetic Induction Page 9

Basic Electricity Overview Introductions Joseph Henry American Scientist 1797 – 1878 Electromagnet, Inductance, the “HENRY” 2016 James Prescott Joule British Physicist 1818 – 1889 Electrical Current, Resistance, the “JOULE” Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Nikola Tesla Serbian Inventor 1856 – 1943 Designer of the Modern AC Electricity Supply System Page 10

Basic Electricity Overview What is Electricity / MATTER? What is Matter? Matter has 2 primary characteristics: Has WEIGHT 2016 Requires SPACE Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 11

Basic Electricity Overview Matter comes in Three Forms: 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 12

Basic Electricity Overview What is Electricity / ATOMS? What makes matter? Matter is made from ATOMS are the basic materials that make up everything we see 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 13

Basic Electricity Overview What is Electricity / Atoms? • Atom is a Greek word for indivisible (cannot be divided) • An Atom is the smallest particle that an element may be reduced to and still retain its elemental properties • Over 100 Atoms are known to exist • Hydrogen (the most basic of atoms), Helium, Oxygen, Aluminum, Gold, and Mercury are some examples 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 14

Basic Electricity Overview The Periodic Table of Elements 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 15

Basic Electricity Overview Atoms • Multiple Atoms may be combined to form other materials • Water (liquid, gas, solid) is formed from Hydrogen and Oxygen (gases) 2 Hydrogen Atoms 1 Oxygen Atom 1 Water Molecule H H 2016 H O Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education O H Page 16

Basic Electricity Overview Atoms Subatomic Particles are the building blocks of Atoms contain 3 types of Subatomic Particles 1. Electrons (E) (-) 2. Protons (P) (+) 3. Neutrons (N) 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 17

Basic Electricity Overview Atoms • The center of the Atom is called the Nucleus • The Nucleus is composed of Protons (Positive Charge) and Neutrons (Neutral or No Charge) • Protons and Neutrons bond together to form the Nucleus Proton (+) Neutron (N) 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 18

Basic Electricity Overview Atoms • Electrons (Negative Charge) orbit the Nucleus • Atoms contain one or more Electron - 2016 Proton (+) Neutron (N) Electron (-) + N N N + + N + - Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education - Page 19

Basic Electricity Overview Atoms • Atoms resemble a miniature solar system • Electrons revolve around the Nucleus much the same as planets revolve around the sun E(-) E(-) 2016 E(-) P(+) N E(-) Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 20

Basic Electricity Overview Atomic Structure • Atoms having an equal number of Electrons and Protons are known as Balanced or Neutral • Hydrogen Atoms have 1 Proton and 1 Electron 2016 Proton (+) Electron (-) + - Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 21

Basic Electricity Overview Atomic Structure • A Copper Nucleus has 35 Neutrons and 29 Protons • There are 29 Electrons orbiting the Nucleus • The outer Electron is easily exchanged between Copper Atoms - - - - 29 + 35 N - - - - 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 22

Basic Electricity Overview Atomic Structure • Because Copper Atoms may easily exchange Electrons, Copper Atoms are good electrical conductors • After exchanging Electrons, the Atoms remain balanced - - -29 + 35 N - - --- - - 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 23

Basic Electricity Overview Atomic Structure • Conducting Atoms will normally have no more than three Electrons on the outer orbit • Semiconducting Atoms will have exactly four • Insulating Atoms will have a minimum of five 2016 Conducting Semiconducting Insulating - - -+ N - -- - - --+ -N - - - --+ N - - -- - - - Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education - Page 24

Basic Electricity Overview Atomic Structure • An example of two Atoms that are good electrical conductors would be Silver and Copper - Silver Atom 2016 Single Electron in Outermost Orbit - - - - - 47 + - 61 N - -- - - - 29 + 35 N - - - Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education - - Copper - Atom -Page 25

Basic Electricity Overview Atomic Structure The best Pure Metal conductors for electricity are: 1. Silver - expensive, used in special applications 2. Copper - the most widely used metal conductor 3. Gold - very expensive, used in specialized applications due to its non-corrosive characteristics 4. Aluminum - used in many electrical transmission applications 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 26

Basic Electricity Overview Relative Conductivities of Metals ELEMENT RELATIVE CONDUCTIVITY % Silver Copper Gold Aluminum Zinc Platinum Iron Lead Tin Nickel Mercury 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education 100 98 78 61 30 17 16 15 9 7 1 Page 27

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electricity When Electrons Move, Current Flows, THINGS HAPPEN 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 28

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electricity What Makes Electricity? • Electricity is produced from six major sources 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2016 Friction Heat Pressure Light Chemical Reactions Magnetism Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 29

Basic Electricity Overview Electricity is Produced By Friction 2016 • Friction occurs when one object is rubbed against a second object • Protons (Positive Charge) and Electrons (Negative Charge) are present in equal quantities in both the rod and the fur • Electrons are transferred from the fur to the rod Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 30

Basic Electricity Overview Electricity is Produced By Heat Meter detects the electrical charge An electrical charge is produced when heat is applied to the junction of the twisted metals. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 31

Basic Electricity Overview Electricity is Produced By Pressure An electrical charge is produced when pressure is applied to crystals of certain materials. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 32

Basic Electricity Overview Electricity is Produced By Light An electrical charge is produced when light strikes photo sensitive material. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 33

Basic Electricity Overview Electricity is Produced By Chemical Reactions An electrical charge is produced by chemical reactions in an electric cell. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 34

Basic Electricity Overview Electricity is Produced By Magnetism Electricity is produced by relative movement of a magnet and a wire which results in the cutting of lines of force. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 35

Basic Electricity Overview Sources of Electricity CHEMICAL MAGNETISM LIGHT HEAT 2, 000 LBS. PRESSURE 2016 HEAT Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 36

Basic Electricity Overview Sources of Electricity Of the six major electricity sources, which are the two most commonly used? 2016 • Chemical Reaction o DC § Flows in Only One Direction • Magnetism o AC § Reverses Direction as it Flows Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 37

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Which two particles have an electrical charge? Protons Electrons 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 38

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review True or False: Protons have a negative charge and electrons have a positive charge. False 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 39

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Law of Attraction: Do opposite electrical charges attract or repel each other? Attract 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 40

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Law of Attraction: Do like electrical charges attract or repel each other? Repel 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 41

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Electrical Current is the movement of ______. A. protons. B. electrons. C. atoms. D. neutrons. E. all or none of the above. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 42

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review The two major sources of energy that are used to produce large amounts of electricity are: Magnetism Chemical Reaction 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 43

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 44

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities There are three basic electrical quantities: • • • 2016 Voltage Current Resistance Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 45

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities Voltage, Current, and Resistance combine to form an electrical circuit. How? Voltage has to PUSH the electrons through a circuit. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 46

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Voltage Without steam, a steam locomotive will simply sit on the track. Using the same logic, without Voltage, electrons will not move or flow through the circuit. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 47

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Voltage: • The electromotive force that makes electrons move • Measured in Volts (V) 2016 - - 29 + 35 N - - - Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education --- Page 48

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Current: • The flow of electrons • Measured in Amps (A) - - - - -- - - - Current is the movement of free electrons through a conductor from a more negative charge to a more positive charge. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 49

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Current A circuit’s current is directly proportional to the circuit’s voltage…. . likewise, if you want more Current, you need more Voltage. Current Volts 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 50

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Resistance: • Opposition to current flow • Measured in Ohms Ω 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 51

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Resistance A circuit’s current is inversely proportional to the circuit’s resistance. Resistance Current 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 52

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law Voltage E Current 2016 I R Resistance Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 53

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law E • • • 2016 E Electromotive Force I Voltage R Measure in Volts Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 54

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law I • • • 2016 E Intensity I Current R Measure in Amps Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 55

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law R • • 2016 Resistance Measure in Ohms (Ω) E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education R Page 56

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law E=Ix. R E I I= E R 2016 R R= E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 57

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law E=Ix. R E I I= E R 2016 R R= E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 58

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law E=Ix. R E I I= E R 2016 R R= E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 59

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law E=Ix. R E I I= E R 2016 R R= E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 60

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law Given: I = 2 Amps R = 120 Ohms Find the Voltage, E E=Ix. R Volts = Current x Resistance E = 2 Amps x 120 Ohms E = 240 Volts 2016 E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education R Page 61

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law Given: E = 120 Volts R = 60 Ohms Find the Current, I I=E÷R Current = Volts ÷ Resistance I = 120 Volts ÷ 60 Ohms I = 2 Amps 2016 E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education R Page 62

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s Law Given: E = 120 Volts I = 3 Amps Find the Resistance, R R=E÷I Resistance = Volts ÷ Current R = 120 Volts ÷ 3 Amps R = 40 Ohms 2016 E I Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education R Page 63

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 66

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power: • Measured in Watts • Defined as the rate at which work is done 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 67

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 68

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 69

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power P • • 2016 Rate at which work is done P E I Measure in Watts Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 70

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power P=Ex. I P E E= P I 2016 I I= P E Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 71

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power P=Ex. I P E E= P I 2016 I I= P E Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 72

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power P=Ex. I P E E= P I 2016 I I= P E Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 73

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power Given: E = 240 Volts and I = 2 Amps Find the Power, P P=Ex. I Power = Volts x Current P = 240 Volts x 120 Amps P = 480 Watts 2016 P E Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education I Page 74

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power Given: P = 600 Watts and I = 3 Amps Find the Voltage, E E=P÷I Volts = Power ÷ Current E = 600 Watts ÷ 3 Amps E = 200 Volts 2016 P E Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education I Page 75

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Quantities – Power Given: P = 600 Watts and E = 120 Volts Find the Current, I I=P÷E Current = Power ÷ Volts I = 600 Watts ÷ 120 Volts I = 5 Amps 2016 P E Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education I Page 76

Basic Electricity Overview Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour A Watt-Hour is: 2016 • The basic unit used to measure electrical energy; • Determined by multiplying Power by Time; • The amount of electrical energy used when one Watt of Power is delivered to an electrical device for one hour. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 77

Basic Electricity Overview Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour 2016 • Kilo = 1, 000 • Watt = unit of measure for Power • Kilowatt = 1, 000 Watts • Kilowatt-Hour = unit of measure for electrical energy o Used to measure power consumption during a period of time Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Watt Page 78

Basic Electricity Overview Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour 100 W 120 V CHINA 11 12 1 2 10 3 9 8 4 7 6 5 • A 100 Watt Bulb is energized for 10 Hours, • 100 Watts x 10 Hours = 1, 000 Watt-Hours , THEREFORE • 1 Kilowatt-Hour of Electrical Energy was consumed. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 79

Basic Electricity Overview Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour If 1 k. W-H = $0. 05 and you have the following bulbs burning in your house every day for 30 days, how much will the electricity for these bulbs cost? 6 @ 4 hours 3 @ 2 hours 4 @ 3 hours 25 W 50 W 60 W $2. 43 / 30 Day Month 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 80

Basic Electricity Overview Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour 25 W 50 W 60 W 2016 25 W x 6 B = 150 W 6 @ 4 hours / day 150 W x 4 H = 600 W / Day x 30 Days = 18, 000 W or 18 k. W-H 50 W x 3 B = 150 W 3 @ 2 hours / day 9 k. W-H x $0. 05 = $0. 45 150 W x 2 H = 300 W / Day x 30 Days = 9, 000 W or 9 k. W-H 60 W x 4 B = 240 W 4 @ 3 hours / day 18 k. W-H x $0. 05 = $0. 90 21. 6 k. W-H x $0. 05 = $1. 08 240 W x 3 H = 720 W / Day x 30 Days = 21, 600 W or 21. 6 k. W-H Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 81

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Current is measured in units called: Amperes OR Amps 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 82

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review True or False: Direct current continuously reverses direction as it flows through a circuit. False 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 83

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review True or False: Voltage is the driving force that causes current flow. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 84

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Voltage is measured in units called: Volts 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 85

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Electrical Resistance: Accelerate or Oppose Electron Movement? Oppose Electron Movement 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 86

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Materials that offer little opposition to electron flow are called: • • • 2016 insulators conductors resistors assistors all or none of the above Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 87

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Resistance is measured in units called: Ohms 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 88

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review State the meaning of the following electrical symbols: I = Current E = Voltage R = Resistance 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 89

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review What are three ways Ohm’s Law can be written using symbols E, R, and I? E =I x R E R= I 2016 E I= R Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 90

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review True or False: When Voltage remains constant, Ohm’s Law can be used to predict how a change in Resistance will effect the Current. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 91

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review In a short circuit, is resistance high or low? Resistance is low in a short circuit In a short circuit, is current high or low? Current is high in a short circuit 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 92

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review To calculate Power, you should multiply ______ by _____. You should multiply Voltage by Current 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 93

Basic Electricity Overview Basic Electrical Review Power is measured in units called: Watts 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 94

Basic Electricity Overview Electrical Circuits 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 95

Basic Electricity Overview Circuits Think of a Circuit as a circular path. • • 2016 A Circuit is a complete path for Current to flow. Circuits include a source of Voltage and Resistance. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 96

Basic Electricity Overview Circuits There are two basic types of Circuits: Series Circuits Parallel Circuits 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 97

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, there is only ONE path for the current to flow. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 98

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits A string of Christmas Lights is an example of a Series Circuit – one bulb out, all bulbs out. + - 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 99

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, Current is the same throughout the circuit. 2 A 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 100

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, the sum of the individual source voltages equals the total applied voltage 12 v 4 v 4 v 4 v 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 101

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, the sum of the individual resistances in the circuit is equal to the total circuit resistance. 5 5 RT = 10 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 102

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, the total applied voltage in the circuit is equal to the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors in the circuit. 6 v 6 v 12 v 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 103

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuit Example – Two Paths 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 104

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuit Example – Three Paths 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 105

Basic Electricity Overview Series Circuits In a Series Circuit. . . • • 2016 the current is constant throughout the circuit. the sum of the individual source voltages equals the total applied voltage. the total resistance equals the sum of the individual resistors. the sum of the voltage drops is equal to the source voltage. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 106

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the circuit current has more than one path. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 107

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each leg. 4 A 2 A 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 108

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the voltage drop across each leg is equal to the source voltage. 12 v Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education 12 v 2016 Page 109

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the branch circuits with the lowest resistances will conduct the most current. 20 Ω 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education 5 Ω Page 110

Basic Electricity Overview Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit. . . • • • 2016 the current has more than one path to flow the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each leg the total current resistance is less than the resistance in any single leg the voltage across each circuit leg is the same as the source voltage the branch circuits with the lowest resistances will conduct the most current Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 111

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits current The sum of the ______ of each branch circuit current adds up to the total ______ in the circuit. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 112

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits constant Voltage is ____ for each parallel branch circuit. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 113

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits resistance The total circuit _____ is smaller than the resistor smallest _____ in any parallel branch circuit. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 114

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits The total current divides among each branch circuit depending on the resistances of the branch circuits. The branch circuits with the ____ resistances will conduct the most lowest current. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 115

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits Is a circuit that contains a single current path having the circuit components connected end-to -end a series or a parallel circuit? series circuit 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 116

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits Is a circuit that contains two or more current paths having the circuit components connected side-by-side a series or a parallel circuit? parallel circuit 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 117

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits True or False: The two main differences between series and parallel circuits are (1) the circuit arrangements and (2) the way in which current, voltage, and resistance behave. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 118

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits Which of the following statements apply to series circuits? There could be up to four correct answers. A. The amount of current flowing through each circuit component is the same. B. Depending on the leg resistance, the current in each leg may be different. C. The total applied voltage is equal to the sum of the individual source voltages. D. The total circuit resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistances of all circuit resistors. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 119

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits True or False: The amount of resistance in each leg of a parallel circuit will affect the amount of current flowing through the circuit legs. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 120

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits True or False: Electrical current will continue to flow through the legs of a parallel circuit if the current of other legs in the same circuit has been interrupted. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 121

Basic Electricity Overview Let’s Review Circuits Which of the following statements apply to parallel circuits? There could be up to four correct answers. A. The amount of current flowing through each circuit leg is equal to the total circuit current. B. The total circuit resistance is always greater than any single leg resistance. C. The voltage drop across each leg equals the source voltage. D. The total circuit current is equal to the sum of the currents in each leg. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 122

Basic Electricity Overview Magnetism – Opposites Attract 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 123

Basic Electricity Overview Magnetism What, exactly, is Magnetism? 2016 • Magnetism is an invisible force of attraction – kind of like an invisible glue • Akin to electricity in that it cannot be seen but it produces certain effects • It cannot be insulated against – it penetrates everything Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 124

Basic Electricity Overview Electromagnetism: magnetism that is created when an electrical current flows through an electrical conductor 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 125

Basic Electricity Overview Electromagnetism 2016 • When electrical current flows through an electrical conductor, an electromagnetic field is produced around the conductor. • This field only occurs while current is flowing. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 126

Basic Electricity Overview Electromagnetism 2016 • The creation of an electromagnetic field happens within a fraction of a second but it is not instantaneous. • The field builds as current flow increases and collapses when current flow stops. • Changes in the current flow through the conductor causes a corresponding change to the field around the conductor. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 127

Basic Electricity Overview Induction is the process which produces a Voltage due to the interaction between: • • • 2016 A Conductor; A Magnetic Field; And the Relative Motion between them. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 128

Basic Electricity Overview Induced Voltage: Causes current to flow in one direction as the magnetic field is building and the opposite direction as the field is collapsing 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 129

Basic Electricity Overview Induction and Self-Induction There is a difference between Induction and Self -Induction 2016 • Induction is the process that produces a voltage due to interaction of a conductor, a magnetic field, and the relative motion between them. • Self-Induction is a type of induction occurring within a single conductor. o It occurs when a conductor’s electromagnetic field changes and voltage is induced in that conductor. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 130

Basic Electricity Overview Induction and Self-Induction Inducing Voltage Induced Voltage Magnetic Lines of Force in a Straight Conductor Self-Induction 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 131

Basic Electricity Overview Inductance in a Coiled Conductor • The changing magnetic field cuts through the loop where the current originates and through each additional loop as well. • 2016 The amount of inductance in the coiled conductor is far greater than the amount of inductance in the straight conductor. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 132

Basic Electricity Overview Questions True or False: Voltage cannot be induced in single conductor. False 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 133

Basic Electricity Overview Questions True or False: Self-induced voltage will always oppose changes in current. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 134

Basic Electricity Overview Questions Inductance is a ________ that is physical property present in all conductors. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 135

Basic Electricity Overview Questions True or False: Winding a conductor around a core made from magnetic material makes it possible to increase the inductance of that conductor. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 136

Basic Electricity Overview Questions The two parts of a typical inductor are the _____ and the ______. conductor core 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 137

Basic Electricity Overview Transformers 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 138

Basic Electricity Overview Transformers The type of Transformers we mean are electrical components that change AC voltage to meet specific requirements. The type of Transformer used varies depending upon the different voltage requirements of the equipment needing the electricity. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 139

Basic Electricity Overview Transformers Typically, transformers will either Increase (Step Up) or Decrease (Step Down) Voltage. 7, 260 VAC 120 VAC 2016 120 VAC Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 140

Basic Electricity Overview Transformer Construction Parts of a Typical Transformer 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 141

Basic Electricity Overview Transformer Turns / Voltage 2016 • There is a DIRECT and corresponding relationship between the number of TURNS in each winding and the amount of VOLTAGE change from the primary winding to the secondary winding. • If a transformer’s secondary winding has more turns than its primary winding, the magnetic field for the primary side must cross more conductors. • In this case, the induced voltage will be greater than the applied voltage. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 142

Basic Electricity Overview Step Up Transformer 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 143

Basic Electricity Overview Step Up Transformer In an example Step Up Transformer: 2016 • The Primary Coil has five turns. • The Secondary Coil has ten turns. • Because the Secondary Coil has twice the number of turns as the Primary Coil, the output Voltage is two times the input Voltage. 5 Turns Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education 10 Turns Page 144

Basic Electricity Overview Step Up Transformer 1: 2 120 Volts 2016 240 Volts Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 145

Basic Electricity Overview Step Up Transformer In an example Step Up Transformer: 2016 • The Voltage Increase causes a corresponding Current Decrease. • The Output Current will be 50% of the Input Current. • Because Power equals Voltage times Current: o The Input Power must equal the Output Power. o When Voltage is doubled – Current must be halved. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 146

Basic Electricity Overview Step Up Transformer 1: 2 P i = 240 Watts PO= 240 Watts 120 Volts 2 Amps 2016 240 Volts 1 Amp Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 147

Basic Electricity Overview Step Down Transformer 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 148

Basic Electricity Overview Step Down Transformer In an example Step Down Transformer: 2016 • The Primary Coil has fifteen turns. • The Secondary Coil has five turns. • Because the Primary Coil has three times the number of turns as the Secondary Coil, the output Voltage is one-third the input Voltage. 15 Turns Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education 5 Turns Page 149

Basic Electricity Overview Step Down Transformer 3: 1 120 Volts 2016 40 Volts Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 150

Basic Electricity Overview Step Down Transformer 3: 1 P i = 240 Watts PO= 240 Watts 120 Volts 2 Amps 2016 40 Volts 6 Amps Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 151

Basic Electricity Overview Step Down Transformer In an example Step Down Transformer: 2016 • The Voltage Decrease causes a corresponding Current Increase. • The Output Current will be three times the Input Current. • Because Power equals Voltage times Current: o The Input Power must equal the Output Power. o When Voltage is decreased – Current must be increased. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 152

Basic Electricity Overview Review Define electromagnetism. Magnetism created as an electrical current flows through an electrical conductor 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 153

Basic Electricity Overview Review True or False: As the current flowing through a conductor is changed, the electrical field around the conductor will change. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 154

Basic Electricity Overview Review Induction occurs as the electromagnetic field is building collapsing ____ or _____. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 155

Basic Electricity Overview Review AC Electromagnetic fields surrounding a/an ____ circuit builds and collapses continually while the electromagnetic field surrounding a/an ____ DC circuit builds and collapses as current is applied or removed. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 156

Basic Electricity Overview Review Transformers are designed to increase or decrease: A. voltage B. resistance C. power D. electromagnetic fields E. customer costs F. all or none of the above 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 157

Basic Electricity Overview Review primary The reason the ____ side of a typical transformer is coiled is to increase the magnetic field of the conductor. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 158

Basic Electricity Overview Review secondary The reason the _____ side of a typical transformer is coiled is to increase the exposure of the conductor to the magnetic field. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 159

Basic Electricity Overview Review True or False: The purpose of the metal core in a typical transformer is to concentrate and direct the magnetic field. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 160

Basic Electricity Overview Review decrease Step down transformers _____ voltage while step up transformers _____ voltage. increase 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 161

Basic Electricity Overview Review voltage output The ______ of a transformer is determined by the ratio between the number of turns on the primary coil and the number of turns on the secondary coil. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 162

Basic Electricity Overview Review If a transformer has 1, 200 turns on the primary coil and 120 turns on the secondary coil, the 1/10 or 10% output voltage will be ______ the input voltage and the output current will be 10 times _____ the input current. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 163

Basic Electricity Overview Review True or False: Capacitors are physical property that are only found in AC circuits. False 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 164

Basic Electricity Overview Review True or False: Capacitors are components that store electric charges. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 165

Basic Electricity Overview Review ______ separate the plates within a capacitor. A. Spacer units B. Oiled rings C. SF 6 bottles D. Insulating plates E. Air gaps 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 166

Basic Electricity Overview Review True or False: As a capacitor is discharged, energy stored in the electrostatic field is retained. False 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 167

Basic Electricity Overview Review True or False: You may discharge a capacitor by removing it from the voltage source. True 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 168

Basic Electricity Overview Review What are three factors that determine the capacitance of a capacitor? A. The surface area of the conducting plates. B. The distance between the plates. C. Number of connection points between the plates. D. Insulating property of the material separating the plates. 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 169

Basic Electricity Overview Conclusions 2016 • • Atoms have electrons. • • • Voltage moves electrons. Basically, electricity is the movement of electrons. Current is the flow of electrons. Amps is a measurement of current. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 170

Basic Electricity Overview Conclusions 2016 • To be useful, electricity must be directed through a conductor. • Circuits have switches and conductors. • Transformers increase and decrease voltage. • Magnetism is a result of the movement of electrons through a conductor. • Inductance is the relationship of the relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field. • There are two types of basic circuits: Series and Parallel. Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 171

Basic Electricity Overview Any Questions? 2016 Climbing to New Heights – Utility Lineworker Education Page 172