BASIC CHEMISTRY BASIC CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE ATOM NUCLEUS

BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE ATOM, NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC WEIGHT CHEMCIAL BONDS COVALENT, IONIC, HYDROGEN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS HYDROXYL, CARBONYL, CARBOXYL, PHOSPHORYL, SULFHYDRYL, AMINO CLASSES OF COMPOUND ALCOHOL, ALDEHYDE, KETONE, ACIDS (CARBOXYL & PHOSPHORYL), AMINE, THIOETHER, DISULFIDE, ANHYDRIDE, GLYCOSIDE, AMIDE PEPTIDES ARE AMIDES FORMED FROM AMINO ACIDS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE NITROGEN OXYGEN

CHEMICAL BONDS COVALENT – SHARING ELECTRON PAIRS SINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE COVALENT BONDS E. G. , CARBON-CARBON BOND IONIC BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS E. G. , SODIUM CHLORIDE HYDROGEN BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN PARTIAL POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED REGIONS OF MOLECULES E. G. , WATER

CHEMICAL BONDS - COVALENT

HYDROGEN BONDS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS – v PORTION OF A LARGER MOLECULE WHICH CONSISTS OF A SMALL NUMBER OF ATOMS THAT HAVE A CHARACTERISIC CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR. v ALWAYS REACT THE SAME WAY v GIVE THE COMPOUND ITS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY

CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS – BASED ON PRESENCE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP CLASS HYDROXYL CARBONYL (END OF CHAIN) CARBONYL (INTERNAL) CARBOXYL PHOSPHORYL AMINO SULFHYDRYL ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE KETONE ACID – CARBOXYLIC ACID - PHOSPHORIC AMINE THIOL AMINO AND CARBOXYL AMINO ACIDS

CLASSES OF COMPOUND – BASED ON THE GROUPS WHICH REACTED TO FORM THE COMPOUND REACTING GROUPS COMPOUND HYDROXYLS (ALCOHOLS) SULFHYDRYLS (THIOLS) CARBOXYLS, PHOSPHORYLS (ACIDS) CARBON ONE OF SUGAR & HYDROXYL OF ANOTHER SUGAR CARBON ONE OF SUGAR & NITROGEN OF NUCLEIC ACID BASE ETHER THIO-ETHER ANHYDRIDES CARBOXYLIC & AMINO O-GLYCOSIDE O-GLYCOSIDIC BOND N-GLYCOSIDE N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND AMIDE (PEPTIDE BOND)

CLASSES OF COMPOUND- BASED ON REACTION WHICH FORMED THEM

STEREOISOMERS SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS ENANTIOMERS - ONE KIND OF STERIOISOMER NON-IDENTICAL MIRROR IMAGES E. G. D-GLYCERALDEHYDE L-GLYCERALDEHYDE D - DEXTROROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED LIGHT TO RIGHT) L - LEVOROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED LIGHT TO LEFT) 3

WHAT? NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS/CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS AND HOW THEY REACT NATURE OF ENANTIOMERS WHY? ALL CREATURES MUST HAVE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PRECURSORS (AMINO ACIDS, MONONUCLEOTIDES, FATTY ACIDS, MONOSACCHARIDES) WHICH WILL BE USED TO SYNTHESIZE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGH MACROMOLECULES (PROTEINS, DNA, RNA, LIPIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES) WHICH FORM CELLS. WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE PRECURSORS FROM EACH OTHER? DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND SHAPES