Basic Anatomy Terminology Unit C Small Animals External

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Unit C Small Animals

External Features and Bones Competency: 5. 01 Summarize the major parts of small animals

Basic Anatomy Terminology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cheek- fleshy side of the face Dewlap- loose skin under the chin Elbow- upper joint of the front leg Flank- fleshy part of the side Foot pad- part that the animal walks on Forearm- front limb just below the elbow Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur (protection)

Basic Anatomy Terminology 8. 9. 10. 11. Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb Loin- fleshy part of the side under the spinal column Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) Nose pad n n n Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects Called the nose leather in cats

Basic Anatomy Terminology 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg Stifle- joint above the hock Thigh- area between the rump and hock Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds 1. Crown n 2. Ear covert n 3. upper or lower segment of the bill Nape n 5. feathers covering the ears Mandible n 4. top of the head back of the neck Orbital ring n ring around the eye

Basic Anatomy Terminology. Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles n Brille ¨ transparent layer covering eyes ¨ Eyelid for snakes n Fins ¨ Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods ¨ Enables fish to move through water

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles 3. Gills Major organ of the respiratory system ¨ Breath without lungs ¨ 4. Scales Modified portion of the epidermal layer ¨ Provides protection ¨ 5. Scutes ¨ Epidermal scales found on turtles

D. Skeletal Anatomy n Define major skeletal parts of small animals

Skeletal System n Axial skeleton ¨vertebral ¨Ribs ¨Sternum ¨skull column

Dog Skeleton http: //www. ndsu. nodak. edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S 23. GIF

Dog Skeleton AXIAL http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000 f 09 ca. gif

Skeletal System n Pectoral ¨front limbs n shoulders, legs and feet n scapula (shoulder blade) n humerus (arm) n radius and ulna (forearm) n carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

Dog Skeleton Pectoral limbs http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000 f 09 ca. gif

http: //www. uoguelph. ca/~mammals/Cat. Skeleton. jpg

http: //www. biology. ualberta. ca/courses. hp/zoo. 225/Catskeleton. jpeg

Skeletal System n Pelvic ¨rear limb legs and pelvic bones n hooks n pin bones n femur (upper leg bone) n tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) n Tarsals (hocks) n Metatarsals (feet) n Phalanges (toes)

Dog Skeleton Pelvic limbs http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000 f 09 ca. gif

Rabbit Skeleton http: //www. ext. vt. edu/pubs/foods/458 -878/rabbit. gif

Rabbit Skeleton http: //www. avte. net/AVTE 2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20 animal/rabbit_skeleton. jpg

2 - Structure and Purposes n A- Purposes- PROTECT vital body organs and give form or shape to the body 1 - Skull protects Brain Ribs = lungs & Internal Organs 2 - Spinal column/ Backbone protects spinal cord and gives animal shape

3 -Skeletal System-Birds n Have some unique bones unlike mammals ¨Most have a skull bone that elongates toward the front of the head ¨Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

http: //www. enchantedlearning. com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton. shtml

E- INTERNAL ANATOMY n Discuss the role of internal organs in small animals

Major organs and systems n Heart ¨major organ in the circulatory system ¨ 3 muscle layers

Circulatory System- 3 Layers n 1 - Myocardium ¨ second layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart n 2 - Endocardium ¨ thin n layer inside myocardium 3 - Epicardium ¨ thin cover the myocardium

Layers of the Heart

Heart

Circulatory System n Other parts of the circulatory system are ¨ Arteries ¨ Capillaries ¨ Veins ¨ Blood

Circulatory System- Functions n. Role of Circulatory system to move: n. Nutrients n. Metabolic Waste n. Oxygen n. Protects against microbes and injury

2 -Kidneys and Bladder n. Part of the excretory system rids the body of waste ¨ maintain chemical composition ¨ volume of blood ¨ regulates tissue fluid ¨

3 -Stomach and Intestines n. Major part of digestive system ¨breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body n. Nutrients are gleaned from these food materials

4 - Lungs n Part of the respiratory system ¨oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood

5 -Nervous System Brains, spinal cord, and nerves n ¨Coordinator of all body activities ¨Regulates other systems ¨Controls memory and learning

6 -Reproductive system n Ovaries and testes ¨Egg from Ovaries ¨Sperm from Sperm n Help produce new individuals of the same species

7 -Muscular System n Muscles ¨Movement ¨Posture ¨Support ¨Produces heat

F- Digestive System n Discuss the digestive process in a ruminant’s digestive system.

Non-Ruminants n. Single-stomached n. Mono-gastric ¨includes n. Dogs n. Cats n. Humans all of these mammals

Rabbits n Non-ruminant ¨Consumes herbivores large amounts of roughage ¨Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines n contains bacteria

2 - Rabbits & Birds n Rabbits and Birds are Classified as Nonruminants even though their system is slightly different.

Rabbit Digestive System http: //courses. washington. edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos. htm

Rabbits n A- Rabbits digestive system is like a horse ¨They have Large Cecum ( large and small intestines join) with bacteria present n B- Rabbits can eat more high quality roughage than other small animals and convert them to nutrients.

Rabbits n Rabbits eat undigested feces ¨Coprophagy ¨Usually occurs late night or early morning ¨Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum

Birds n Lack teeth ¨Saliva n Very is added to aid in swallowing little breakdown in the mouth n Gizzard ¨Largest digestive organ ¨Grinds and crushes

Digestive System- Bird http: //www. biologycorner. com/resources/bird_anatomy. jpg

Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants n 1 - Food is broken down in mouth ¨ (except n 2 - birds) Passes to the stomach ¨ (gizzard n 3 - for birds) Small Intestine ¨Primary site of digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Path of food, cont. n 4 - Large Intestine ¨rest of undigested food enters here ¨Absorption of Water ¨Addition of mucus to aid in passage of waste

Fish Digestive System n Systems ¨Type vary of feed fish eat - determines teeth n Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up

Fish digestive system http: //animaldiversity. ummz. umich. edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system. jpg/medium. jpg

Small Animal Reproduction Competency: 5. 01 G Analyze Reproduction in Small Animals

Sexual Reproduction Union of egg and sperm to produce new animal n Two parents are required n ¨ Natural n Male ¨ n Insemination- Copulation Spermatozoa or male sex cell Female ¨ Egg or ovum (female sex cell)

Trout Spermatozoa http: //www. rennes. inra. fr/scribe/images/spermato. jpg

Sexual Terminology n Conception n Creation of new life by fertilization n Fertilization n Union of egg and sperm n Estrus ¨Heat period when Female is receptive to breeding and will Stand for mating

Sexual Terminology n Gestation ¨Period of pregnancy ¨Begins with conception ends at parturition n Ovulation ¨Release of egg

n Parturition ¨Process of giving birth ¨ “Part the Waters” n Pregnant ¨State of Baby development in reproductive tract

3 -Female Reproductive Anatomy n Ovary ¨ Primary reproductive organ ¨ Produces the female gamete (egg) n Gamete ¨ Sex n cell that unites with other sex cells Embryo ¨ Developing young in mammals ¨ Enters uterus after 3 -5 days

3 - Female Reproductive Anatomy n Uterus ¨Place of embryo growth and development n Cervix ¨Part of uterus that contains rings ¨Cervical mucus n Seals uterus during pregnancy n Keeps out Contaminants

Female Reproductive Anatomy n Vagina ( 2 for 1 deal!) ¨Reproductive passageway ¨Urine excretion n Vulva ¨External opening of reproductive tract

Male Reproductive Anatomy n Testicle ¨Primary organ ¨Produces male gametes n Two testes are externally held in scrotum * Controls temperature n Sheath ¨Fold of skin acts like Protective covering

5 -Gestation n Time from conception to parturition (birth) ¨ Varies n for each species General Characteristics ¨ Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite, weight ¨ Restlessness is a sign- the end (of gestation) is near!

End of Gestation n Pocket pets and rabbits ¨ They can do it by themselves, don’t excite or bother them. ¨ Nesting box should be provided Wood shavings n Straw n Paper n n Dogs and cats ¨ Birthing box One to three weeks prior n Helps them to get comfortable with the setting n

Gestation Period Species Cats Dogs Rabbits Hamsters Gerbils Rats Mice Guinea Pig Ferrets Period (days) 51 -65 (7 -9 weeks) 56 -70 (9 -10 weeks) 28 -32 (4 -4. 5 weeks) 16 16 21 -24 56 -74 42