Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III Basic Aerodynamics A

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General • To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE • STABILITY is the characteristic of an airplane in flight that causes it to return to a condition of equilibrium, or steady flight, after it is disturbed. 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 1

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General • To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE • MANEUVERABLILITY is the characteristic that permits the pilot to easily move the airplane about its axes and to withstand the stress from these moves 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 2

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General • To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE • CONTROLLABILITY is the capability to respond to the pilot’s control inputs 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 3

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General • Unfortunately, these characteristics are at odds with each other • Increase in one leads to a decrease in another • = all airplane designs are compromises • If make it too stable = it’s hard to control 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 4

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General Types • 2 TYPES OF STABILITY • STATIC • The ability of an object to return to its equilibrium state after being disturbed • DYNAMIC • The way the object moves after being disturbed 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 5

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General Types • 3 CONDITIONS OF STABILITY: • POSITIVE • The disruption of an object gets less over time • NEGATIVE • The disruption gets greater over time • NUETRAL • The disruption neither increases or decreases over time 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 6

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General Types • Positive Stability: • The tendency to return to the original equilibrium • Example: Ball in a trough • Generally desirable in an airplane but does decrease maneuverability 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 7

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General Types • Negative Stability: • The tendency to move away from the equilibrium • Example: Ball on a hill • Undesirable in an airplane 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 8

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: General Types • Nuetral Stability: • The tendency for the correcting forces to neither increase or decrease over time • Example: Ball on a flat surface • Somewhat OK in an airplane 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 9

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • Since we have 3 main axes of an aircraft, we also have 3 main types of Stability: • LONGITUDINAL • LATERAL • DIRECTIONAL 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 10

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE LATERAL AXIS • Is PITCH STABILITY • Or keeping the Longitudinal Axis stable 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 11

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • Since the CENTER OF PRESSURE (or CENTER OF LIFT) moves with Angle of Attack changes 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 12

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • We need to be sure the Center of Gravity doesn’t get behind the Center of Pressure or severe flight problems will occur (such as can’t lower the nose) 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 13

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • Airplanes are designed so the Center of Pressure or Lift is behind of the Center of Gravity = a downward pitching moment on the nose of the aircraft at all times 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 14

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • This, coupled with the downward TAIL LOAD created by the HORIZONTAL STABILIZER, create a balanced set of conditions to keep the Longitudinal Axis stable 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 15

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • If the aircraft gets disturbed so the nose goes up, the Horizontal Stabilizer’s Angle of Attack is decreased and creates less Down Load to compensate • Hor. Stabs. are usually symmetrical airfoils 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 16

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • If the aircraft gets disturbed so the nose goes down, the Horizontal Stabilizer’s Angle of Attack is increased and creates more Down Load to compensate • This is Positive Longitudinal Stability 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 17

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LONGITUDINAL STABILITY • The Horizontal Stabilizer will be installed at some particular Angle of Incidence so it can do its job correctly • This may be negative, positive, or zero 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 18

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS • Is ROLL STABILITY • Or keeping the Lateral Axis stable 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 19

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL • This is the upward angle between the wing and the Lateral Axis 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 20

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL • As an airplane is upset so a wing drops, it starts to SIDESLIP toward the low wing 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 21

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL • This slipping motion plus the downward movement of the wing add downward vectors to the Angle of Attack production and lead to an increase in on the lower wing = more lift on. Author: that Harry wing 11/2/2020 L. Whitehead 22

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL • On the wing moving up, the upward vector reduces the = less lift 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 23

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL • These two changes to lift create a rolling force in the direction to restore the wings to level = Positive Lateral Stability 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 24

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • LATERAL STABILITY • A HIGH-WING Airplane will not need as much Dihedral as a LOW-WING Airplane • since the Center of Gravity is below the Center of Lift it tends to right itself naturally (it’s inherently more Laterally Stable) Author: Harry L. Whitehead 25

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE VERTICAL AXIS • Is YAW STABILITY • Or keeping the Vertical Axis stable 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 26

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • Provided by the VERTICAL STABILIZER and Fuselage • To be Directionally Stable, an aircraft must have more surface area behind the CG than in front so it acts like a Weather Vane 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 27

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • Provided by the VERTICAL STABILIZER and Fuselage • When the aircraft yaws (= SIDESLIP), the Vert. Stab. creates lift in the restoring direction and the sides of the fuselage offer a surface for the wind to push against 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 28

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • Is also improved by SWEEPBACK of the wings 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 29

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • Is also improved by SWEEPBACK of the wings • When yawing (SIDESLIP), the wing which is moving forward has a larger effective wing area = more drag to push it back 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 30

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll • If the aircraft’s wing drops it will tend to yaw into the low wing and the dihedral and sweepback will combine to return the wings to level quickly 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 31

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll • As the low wing moves up the Lateral Stability will return the aircraft to straight flight = the low wing will be moving faster than the high wing = more lift 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 32

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll • = that wing will now rise and the process will repeat in the opposite direction 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 33

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll • The resulting low level oscillation (“Dutch Roll”) doesn’t affect aircraft flight safety but is uncomfortable for passengers 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 34

Basic Aerodynamics Aircraft Stability III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Stability: About the Aircraft Axes • DIRECTIONAL STABILITY • But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll • Aircraft susceptible to this usually have YAW DAMPERS connected to the rudder controls to automatically apply corrective rudder action 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 35

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical • Major differences: • More control surfaces • Hydraulic actuated • Power-boosted • Hydraulic cylinder in parallel with control rods • Pilot moves surface and valve to actuate hydraulic cylinder to help 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 36

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical • Major differences: • More control surfaces • Hydraulic actuated • Power-boosted • Boosting is typically about 14: 1 ratio • Disadvantage: in transonic speed range shock waves form on controls and cause buffeting which is fed back into cockpit 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 37

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical • Major differences: • More control surfaces • Hydraulic actuated • Irreversibles • Used to keep buffet from reaching cockpit • Hyd. Cylinders in series with control rods • Also need “feedback” system to give pilot the feel of the controls 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 38

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 39

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Uses Irreversible system with 2 separate hydraulic systems, Standby system, and manual backup of Primary Controls (servo tabs) • Example: Boeing 727 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 40

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Primary Controls: Roll • Ailerons and Spoilers • 4 ailerons and 14 spoilers 11/2/2020 III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls Author: Harry L. Whitehead 41

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Primary Controls: Roll • Inboard ailerons and 10 flight spoilers do high speed flight with outboard ailerons locked in neutral position 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 42

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Primary Controls: Roll • When trailing edge flaps are deployed, outboard ailerons unlocked = all ailerons and flight spoilers work 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 43

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Primary Controls: Pitch • Elevators for normal pitch action • Movable Horizontal Stab. for trim action 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 44

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Primary Controls: Yaw • 2 independent rudders with anti-balance (anti-servo) tabs 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 45

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Primary Controls: Yaw • Also receives input from the Yaw Dampers to counteract Dutch Roll 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 46

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Auxiliary Lift Devices: Trailing Edge Flaps • Triple-slotted Fowler Flaps • Take-off = only back, Landing = back and down 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 47

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Auxiliary Lift Devices: Leading Edge Flaps • Krueger-type • Increase area and camber 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 48

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Auxiliary Lift Devices: Leading Edge Slats • Increase camber • Inboard flaps stall first = retain aileron control 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 49

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Secondary Controls (Tabs): • Ailerons have Balance Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 50

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Secondary Controls (Tabs): • Elevators have Servo Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 51

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Secondary Controls (Tabs): • Rudders have Anti-balance (anti-servo) Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 52

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 727 • Secondary Controls (Tabs): • These Tabs also serve as manual backups in case of total hydraulic failure 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 53

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 747 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 54

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Boeing 757 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 55

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Lockheed L-1011 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 56

Basic Aerodynamics Large Aircraft Controls III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls • Example: Airbus A 320 11/2/2020 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 57

Basic Aerodynamics 11/2/2020 III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The Atmosphere B. Physics C. The Airfoil D. Lift & Drag E. Stability F. Large Aircraft Flight Controls Author: Harry L. Whitehead 58