Basal Ganglia 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 1

Neural centers for control of movements Motor cortex Basal ganglia Cerebellum Brain Stem Spinal Cord 12 February 2022 Skeletal muscles basal ganglia 2

Basal Ganglia ® Placed deep beneath the cerebral cortex ® Lateral to the dorsal thalamus 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 3

Basal Ganglia ® Form an important sub-cortical link between ® Associative cerebral cortex ® Motor cortex ® Disorders result into severe disturbances ® Muscle 12 February 2022 tone, posture and movement basal ganglia 4

Basal ganglia Caudate nucleus Putamen Thalamus Globus pallidus Corticospinal fibres 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 5

Basal Ganglia Tail of Caudate Nucleus Putamen, GP Amygdala Fibres to and from spinal cord 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 6

Basal Ganglia ® Composed of ® Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus ® Caudate nucleus ® Neostriatum & putamen ® Putamen & globus pallidus ® Lenticular nucleus ® Others ® Substantia Nigra ® Subthalamic nucleus (body of luys) 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 7

Cortex Glutamate + Ach Striatum 5 HT Dopamine Thalamus Pallidus GABA - GABA Sub Thalamic Nucleus GABA S. Nigra Raphe Nucleus 12 February 2022 RF RF basal ganglia To Spinal Cord 8

Functions of Basal Ganglia > Neurons in the basal ganglia > Like those in the lateral cerebella hemisphere > Discharge before movements begins 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 9

Functions of Basal Ganglia > The concept that > Basal > ganglia are involved in The planning and programming of movement > Involved in the process by which > Abstract thought > Converted into > Voluntary action 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 10

Functions of Basal Ganglia > Discharge > To > CST via thalamus areas related to motor cortex provide > Final common pathways to motor neurons 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 11

Functions of Basal Ganglia > The BG; Thalamus; Cerebellum and motor cortex > Are involved in planning and programming movements 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 12

Control of Voluntary Movements Plan Execute Basal ganglia Idea Cortical association area Premotor and motor cortex Intermediate cerebellum Lateral cerebellum 12 February 2022 Movement basal ganglia 13

Functions of Basal Ganglia > BG forms > Accessory motor system > That function in close association with cerebral cortex > Receives input signals from cerebral cortex 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 14

Functions of Basal Ganglia > Returns almost all its output to the cortex > Important in the execution of patterns of motor activities 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 15

Functions of Basal Ganglia > It plays a role in > The cognitive control of sequences of movement > Cognition > Thinking is the process of the brain Utilizing both sensory input > Stored information > 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 16

Functions of Basal Ganglia > Motor action occurs > As a consequence of thought generated in mind > Caudate nucleus plays a major role in > The cognitive control of motor activity 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 17

Functions of Basal Ganglia > The caudate nucleus and putamen > Function together in association > With the motor cortex to control > Complex pattern of motor activities 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 18

Function of Basal Ganglia > Caudate nucleus & putamen > Initiate and regulate gross intentional movement of the body Writing alphabets > Cutting paper with scissors > Hammering nails > Passing a football > 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 19

Functions of Basal Ganglia > The globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus and brain stem > Help in the control of axial and girdle movements of the body > The basal ganglia provide the motor pattern > Necessary to maintain postural support required for motor commands to be executed 12 February 2022 basal ganglia 20