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參考文獻(外文) Kirschner, P. A. , Sweller, J. , & Clark, R. E. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem- based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75 -86. Krajcik, J. , Blumenfeld, P. C. , Marx, R. W. , Bass, K. M. , Fredrick, J. , & Soloway, E. (1998). Inquiry in project-based science classrooms: Initial attempts by middle school students. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7(3 -4), 313 -350. Savery, J. R. (2006). Overview of problembased learning: Definitions and distinctions. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem- Based Learning, 1(1), 9 -20. Savin-Baden, M. (2000). Problem-based learning in higher education: Untold stories. SRHEand Open University Press. Schmidt, H. G. , Loyens, S. M. M. , Van Gog, T. , & Paas, F. (2007). Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 91 -97. Torp, L. , & Sage, S. (2002). Problems as possibilities: Problem-based learning for K-16 education (2 nd ed. ). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Zion, M. , Slezak, M. , Shapira, D. , Link, E. , Bashan, N. , Brumer, M. , et al. (2004). Dynamic, open inquiry in biology learning. Science Education, 88(5), 728 -753. 17
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