Barriers Physical Mountains Water bodies Deserts Mountains Himalayan

Barriers • Physical -Mountains -Water bodies -Deserts

Mountains • Himalayan mountain range is barrier between india and eurasia. • South is hot and humid plains of india • North is temerate

Water Barriers • Mozambique channel is 40 km in width. • Salt water is barrier for fresh water fish spp. , amphibians, non swimming vertebrates • Flying birds and bats can cross.

Deserts Sahara desert

Sahara desert • Southern region has specific fauna like giraffe, zebra, gorilla, rhinos • These animals are absent in northern region. North has goats, pigs and oxen which are absent in southern region. • Species highly adapted for Sahara desert climate

Deserts • Kalahari desert • Specific fauna of C. africa

Kalahari Desert • 209 mammal species, of which two are endemic and 11 are threatened • endangered species namely, common chimpanzee, gorilla, giant African water shrew, and wild dog • endemic species are Hun shrew, lion and Oubangui mouse

Climatic barriers • Temperature • Humidity • Light

Diversity of amphibians

Diversity of reptiles

Humidity Distribution of millipedes (diplopoda)

Light • Diurnal and circannual rhythms

Table 1. Occurrence of species in the Paripe River estuary· Pemambuco State. during the dry season (September-December/1999) and the rainy season (April-July/2000). The numbers 1, 2. 3. 4 represent the sampling stations. Taxons I Stations Months J J D 0 s N M A Stations 2 3 4 234 1234 2 3 4 + I. Actinopthycus splendens Amphora + + + + + 2. angusta var. ventricosa + + + + + + + + 3. Auliscus coelatus + + + + + + + + 4. Auliscus punctatus +. + + + + + 5. Cocconeis scutellum + + + + + + + + 6. Coscinodiscus centralis + + + + + + + + 7. Cyclotella meneghiniana + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 8. Diploneis bombus 9. Diploneis vacillans + + +. + 10. Diploneis weissfiogii + + + + + 11. Fa/lacia nummularia + + + + + + + + 12. Grammatophora hamulijera + + • + +· 13. Grammatophora marina + + + + + + + + 14. Lyrella lyra + + + + + + + + 15. Mastogloia splendida + + + + 16. Navicula algida 17. Navicula longa + + + + 18. Navicula hennedyi + + 19. Nitzschia obtusa var. scalpelliformis + + + + + + + + + 20. Odontella dubia + + + + + + 21. Paralia sulcata + + + + + + + + 22. Petroneis humerosa + + + 23. Plagiogramma pulchellum + + + + + + + + + + 24. Pleurosigma sp. + + + + + + + + 25. Podocystis adriatica + + + + + + + + + + + 26. Psammodictyon panduriforme + + + + + + 27. Rhabdonema adriatlcum + + + + + 28. Surirella sp. + + + + + + + 29. Terpsinoe americana + + + + + 30. Triceratium antediluviana + + + + + + · + + + + 31. Tryblionella coarctata + + + + + + + + 32. Tryblionella granulate + + + + + + + + 33. Trvblionella gram, lata var. hvolina +

Biological barriers • • Food Water Vegetation Predation Parasites Shelter Population density Forest thickness