Bangun Tubuh Bakteri Primer utama setiap bakteri memiliki

Bangun Tubuh Bakteri • Primer (utama, setiap bakteri memiliki) • Sekunder (tidak setiap bakteri memiliki)

Primer • • • Dinding sel Membran plasma Sitoplasma Ribosom DNA Granula penyimpana n

• Some prokaryotes – Do have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions 0. 2 �m 1 �m Respiratory membrane Thylakoid membranes Figure 27. 7 a, b (a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote

• Many prokaryotes form endospores – Which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries Endospore Figure 27. 9 0. 3 �m

Sekunder • • kapsul atau lapisan lendir flagellum pilus fimbria klorosom vakuola gas endospora

Dinding sel Bakteri • GRAM POSITIVE • GRAM NEGATIVE peptidoglikan tebal dan asam teichoic lipopolysacarida yang tersusun dari peptidoglikan tipis

Peptidoglikan

Spesifikasi Bakteri menurut Gram • Gracilicutes - Gram negative dengan sel membran sekunder • Mollicutes - Gram negative tanpa sel membran sekunder • Firmicutes - Gram positive dengan peptidoglikan tebal • Mendosicutes – bakteri jenis Archaea

Bergerak dengan flagela Tipe letak flagela A. Monotrichous B. Lophotrichou s C. Amphitrichou s

Cara Memperoleh Makanan • BAKTERI HETEROTROF Makanan berupa senyawa organik dari organisme lain 1. Bakteri saprofit : mengurai sisa organisme atau produk organisme lainnya 2. Bakteri parasit : dari inangnya (manusia, hewan, tumbuhan). 3. Bakteri patogen • BAKTERI AUTOTROF Mampu membuat makanannya sendiri 1. Bakteri fotoautotrof 2. Bakteri kemoautotrof

Bakteri berdasar Kebutuhan Oksigen • BAKTERI AEROB, membutuhkan oksigen Proses oksidasi amonia NH 3 2 NH 3 + 3 O 2 2 HNO 2 + 2 H 2 O + energi Proses oksidasi ion nitrit HNO 3 2 HNO 2 + O 2 2 HNO 3 BAKTERI ANAEROB, tidak membutuhkan oksigen, prosesnya disebut fermentasi. 1. Bakteri anaerob obligat 2. Bakteri anaerob fakultatif •

• In the cyanobacterium Anabaena – Photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells exchange metabolic products Photosynthetic cells Heterocyst Figure 27. 10 20 �m

• In some prokaryotic species 1 �m – Metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating colonies called biofilms Figure 27. 11

• Obligate aerobes – Require oxygen • Facultative anaerobes – Can survive with or without oxygen • Obligate anaerobes – Are poisoned by oxygen

Macam-macam penyakit oleh bakteri • • • Tetanus Typhoid fever Diphtheria Syphilis Tuberculosis • Pneumonia • Meningitis • Cholera • Food-borne illness • Leprosy

Reproduksi bakteri • Aseksual : pembelahan biner • Seksual : a. Transformasi b. Transduksi: menggunakan virus to help c. konjugasi

Konjugasi

Jenis bakteri

2. 5 �m • Proteobacteria 1 �m Rhizobium (arrows) inside a root cell of a legume (TEM) 0. 5 �m Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM) Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Attacking a larger bacterium (colorized TEM) 2 �m Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM) Figure 27. 13 Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM). 5 �m 10 �m Chromatium; the small globules areglobules sulfur wastes are sulfur (LM)wastes (LM)

2. 5 �m • Chlamydias, spirochetes, Gram-positive bacteria, and cyanobacteria 5 �m Chlamydia (arrows) inside an animal cell (colorized TEM) 5 �m 1 �m Leptospira, a spirochete (colorized TEM) Hundreds of mycoplasmas covering a human fibroblast cell (colorized SEM) 50 �m Streptomyces, the source of many antibiotics (colorized SEM) Figure 27. 13 Two species of Oscillatoria, filamentous cyanobacteria (LM)

Peranan Bakteri Bifidobacterium lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) yang bisa mengusir gas dalam perut dan ketidaknyamanan yang terkait dengan gangguan BAB.

Antibiotik

Mocaf Biogas

• 2. Bioteknologi Modern • Rekayasa genetik pada sel bakteri mampu menambah diversifikasi dan kuantitas produk bioteknologi. Pengembangan dan produksi hormon manusia, protein darah, interferon, dan protein untuk vaksin sekarang dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan bakteri yang sudah termodifikasi. • 3. Perombakan Material (Biodeterioration) Thiobacillus ferooxidans

• Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation – The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment Figure 27. 17

Tetracyclines: Streptomyces side effects include yellowing of developing teeth Hillary Clinton has yellow teeth. The original, completely unedited picture

• Prokaryotes are also major tools in – Mining – The synthesis of vitamins – Production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products

Penemuan di bidang Mikrobiologi

• Dihasilkan : Bacillus sp, Clostridium sp Bacillus stearothermophilus – spora - indikator alat sterilisasi Bacillus anthracis - spores - “biological warfare”

Questions?

Applications – Ekstraksi carotene dari halobacteria sebagai penambah cita rasa makanan dan sebagai zat pewarna pangan – Untuk fermentasi kecap asin dan saus ikan Thai

BIOINSEKTISIDA - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) • BAKTERI GRAM POSITIF, BERSPORA • CIRI KHAS ü PROTEIN KRISTAL (PROTEIN CRY) ü TOKSIN INSEKTISIDAL • SUMBER Bt : ü TANAH ü SERANGGA SAKIT ü AIR

The world’s toughest bacterium • pigmen karotenoid pembersih molekul radikal bebas meningkatkan sifat resisten DNA-nya terhadap molekul radikal • Bioremediasi limbah B 3 yang terkontaminasi radioaktif “SUPERBUG”

Antibiotic production Streptomyces coelicolor colonies The wild-type colonies are covered with grey aerial mycelium and spores; the reddish mutant colonies are not forming aerial mycelium. The red mycelium colour and the dark background is from the antibiotics produced by Streptomyces coelicolor Geosmin : produced by filamentous actinomycetes gives soils characteristic earthy odor

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Archaebacter/bakteri kuno

Archaea • Archaea share certain traits with bacteria – And other traits with eukaryotes Table 27. 2

• Some archaea – Live in extreme environments • Extreme thermophiles – Thrive in very hot environments

• Extreme halophiles – Live in high saline environments Figure 27. 14

• Methanogens – Live in swamps and marshes – Produce methane as a waste product

• Concept 27. 4: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere • Prokaryotes are so important to the biosphere that if they were to disappear – The prospects for any other life surviving would be dim

Chemical Recycling • Prokaryotes play a major role – In the continual recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of the environment in ecosystems

• Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers – Breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products • Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes – Add usable nitrogen to the environment

Pathogenic Prokaryotes • Prokaryotes cause about half of all human diseases – Lyme disease is an example Figure 27. 16 5 µm

• Pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease – By releasing exotoxins or endotoxins • Many pathogenic bacteria – Are potential weapons of bioterrorism