Balthazar Nebot Allegory of Fortune circa 1730 Yale

Balthazar Nebot, Allegory of Fortune, circa 1730, Yale Center for British Art

The painting treats the stoic theme of the disdain of wealth, a virtue that places the philosopher above the vicissitudes of Fortune. Bernardino Mei, Allegory of Fortune , 1660 s, Rome, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica

TINTORETTO , Allegory of Fortune (Felicità ), 1564 , Scuola Grande di San Rocco, Venice

Anonymous (Holland) Allegory of Fortune, circa 1520 -1530 Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg Salvator Rosa An Allegory of Fortune, c. 1658 -59 Getty Center

Dosso Dossi Allegory of Fortune, about 1530 J. Paul Getty Museum

Giovanni Bellini Four Allegories: Fortune (or Melancholy) , circa 1490 Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice

הגירסאות השונות לגבי הוריה של טיכיי PARENTAGE OF TYCHE Hesiod, Theogony 346 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C 8 th or C 7 th B. C. ) : "Tethys bore to Okeanos (Oceanus) the swirling Potamoi (Rivers). . . She [Tethys] brought forth also a race apart of daughters, who with lord Apollon and the Rivers have the young in their keeping all over the earth, since this right from Zeus is given them. They are Peitho. . . Kalypso, Eudora and Tykhe (Tyche) [in a list of names]. . . Now these are the eldest of the daughters who were born to Tethys and Okeanos, but there are many others beside these. " Pindar, Nemean Ode 12. 1 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C 5 th B. C. ) : "Daughter of Zeus Eleutherios (Liberator), Tykhe (Fortune) our saviour goddess. " Alcman, Fragment 64 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C 7 th B. C. ) : "Tykhe (Fortune) sister of Eunomia (Right Order) and Peitho (Persuasion) daughter of Prometheus. " Orphic Hymn 72 to Tyche (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C 3 rd B. C. to 2 nd A. D. ) : "Queen Tykhe (Tyche). . . born of Eubouleos [Zeus the Counsellor] famed. " Tyche , Greek, 150 -100 BC, Getty Villa

טיכיי כבת לוויתה של פרספונה Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter 415 ff. "[Persephone relates the story of her abduction to her mother Demeter : ] All we were playing in a lovely meadow, Leukippe and Phaino and Elektra and Ianthe, Melita also and Iakhe with Rhodea and Kallirhoe and Melobosis and Tykhe and Okyrhoe, fair as a flower, Khryseis, Ianeira, Akaste and Admete and Rhodope and Plouto and charming Kalypso; Styx too was there and Ourania and lovely Galaxaura with Pallas [Athena] who rouses battles and Artemis delighting in arrows: we were playing and gathering sweet flowers in our hands, soft crocuses mingled with irises and hyacinths, and rose-blooms and lilies, marvellous to see, and the Niccolò dell'Abbate narcissus which the wide earth The Rape of Proserpine, 16 th century Musee du Louvre , Paris caused to grow yellow as a crocus".

Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter 5 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C 7 th or 6 th B. C. ) : "She [Persephone] was playing with the deep-bosomed daughters of Okeanos (Oceanus) and gathering flowers over a soft meadow, roses and crocuses and beautiful violets, irises also and hyacinths and the narcissus. " Pausanias, Description of Greece 4. 30. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C 2 nd A. D. ) : "Homer is the first whom I know to have mentioned Tykhe (Tyche) in his poems. He did so in the Hymn to Demeter, where he enumerates the daughters of Okeanos (Oceanus), telling how they played with Kore [Persephone] the daughter of Demeter, and making Tykhe one of them. " Roman Provincial Bronze Medallion of Lydia, Silandus struck under Caracalla (AD 198 -217) Helenus and Apollonius, magistrates. Obv. Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right. Rev. Persephone, veiled, standing right, holding scepter and patera faces Tyche Soterios (Fortuna Redux), standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae

TYCHE AS THE CONSTELLATION VIRGO The constellation Virgo was usually the goddess Dike (Justice). Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 25 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C 2 nd A. D. ) : “Constellation Virgo. . . Others call her Fortuna [Tykhe, Tyche]. "

TYCHE GODESS OF FORTUNE Pindar, Olympian Ode 12. 1 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C 5 th B. C. ) : "Daughter of Zeus Eleutherios (Liberator), Tykhe (Tyche) our saviour goddess, I pray your guardian care for Himera, and prosper her city's strength. For your hand steers the ships of ocean on their flying course, and rules on land the march of savage wars, and the assemblies of wise counsellors. " Pindar, Isthmian Ode 4. 48 ff : "Yet even for those who strive, Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) maybe conceals her light, ere yet their steps attain the furthest goal; for her gifts render both of good and ill. And often does the craft of lesser souls outstrip and bring to naught the strength of better men. " Tykhe with turrent crown, plough-shaft, and a corncopia (horn of plenty) brimming with fruit. Museo Pio-Clementino, Musei Vaticani

Greek Lyric V Anonymous, Fragment 1019 (from Stobaeus, Anthology) : "Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune), beginning and end for mankind, you sit in Sophia's (Wisdom's) seat and give honour to mortal deeds; from you comes more good than evil, grace shines about your gold wing, and what the scale of your balance gives is the happiest; you see a way out of the impasse in troubles, and you bring bright light in darkness, you most excellent of gods. " The Tyche of Constantinople: a woman wearing a turreted crown with a Greek inscription mentioning her as "the flourishing beauty", i. e. Constantinople, 600 until 550 AD Musée du Louvre, Paris

Aeschylus, Agamemnon 661 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C 5 th B. C. ) "[The ships of Agamemnon alone escaped the storms sent to destroy the Greek fleet returning from Troy: ] Ourselves, however, and our ship, its hull unshattered, some power, divine not human, preserved by stealth or intercession, laying hand upon its helm; and Savior Fortune (tykhê sotêr) chose to sit aboard our craft so that it should neither take in the swelling surf at anchorage nor drive upon a rock-bound coast. " Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 55 ff : "The awe of majesty [of kings] once unconquered, unvanquished, irresistible in war, that penetrated the ears and heart of the people, is now cast off [with death]. But there is still fear. And Eutykhia (Eutychia, Prosperity)--this, among mortals, is a god and more than a god. But the balance of Dike (Justice) keeps watch: swiftly it descends on those in the light; sometimes pain waits for those who linger on the frontier of twilight; and others are claimed by strengthless night. " Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 963 ff : "But soon time (khronos) that accomplishes all will pass the portals of our house, and then all pollution will be expelled from the hearth by cleansing rites that drive out calamity. The dice of fortune (tykhai) will turn as they fall and lie with faces all lovely to behold, favorably disposed to whoever stays in our house. " Statue of Fortuna Nemesis, the goddess of fate. She holds a flaming torch in her right hand a globe representing the universe in her left. The griffon and the wheel with eight spokes are her usual attributes. The statue was found in the shrine of the northern wing of the proconsul's palace, 2 -3 century Aquincum Museum, Budapest

Orphic Hymn 72 to Tyche (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C 3 rd B. C. to 2 nd A. D. ) : "To Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune), Fumigation from Frankincense. Approach, queen Tykhe, with propitious mind and rich abundance, to my prayer inclined: placid and gentle, mighty named, imperial Artemis, born of Eubouleos [i. e. Zeus Eubuleus] famed, mankind's unconquered endless praise is thine, sepulchral, widely wandering power divine! In thee our various mortal life is found, and come from thee in copious wealth abound; while others mourn thy hand averse to bless, in all the bitterness of deep distress. Be present, Goddess, to thy votaries kind, and give abundance with benignant mind. " Peter Paul Rubens Fortuna Museo del Prado, Madrid

אז נוצר גם כדוגמה מאלפת של סינקרטיזם דתי הצירוף של טיכי. בתקופת ההלניזם עלה קרנה של טיכי כאלה . שייצג את הכוח שלמרותו כפוף העולם , ספק השגחה ספק מקרה , " והאלה המצרית איסיס בשם "איסיטיכי attributes of Isis (uraeus--cobra--headdress, small bucket on arm) and Fortuna (ship's rudder) Isis-Tyche, Severan age, early 3 rd C. AD Leptis Magna Museum Isis-Tyche-Fortuna 2 nd century (Antonine (? ); Severan (? )) Roman, first century CE The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Naples, National Archaeological Museum

Bracelet with Agathodaimon, Isis-Tyche, Aphrodite, and Terenouthis, Egypt , 1 st century B. C. –A. D. 1 st century The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

ISIS-MINERVA-FORTUNA This Roman bronze statuette, dating from the second century CE, demonstrates the multicultural and synthetic tendencies of Roman religious symbolism. The Medusa-headed aegis indicates that the goddess is Minerva, but she wears on her head the Egyptian crown of Isis and carries in her left hand the cornucopia that was a symbol of the goddess Fortuna, associated with the Greek goddess Tyche, goddess of chance and bringer of luck.

מן התקופה ההלניסטית לערים רבות הייתה טיכי האלה . המגינה During the Hellenistic period cities had their own specific iconic version of Tyche, wearing a mural crown, that is a crown like the walls of the city. “The three Tyches Relief" Since the Hellenistic period, each city has its own Tyche, represented with a crown of ramparts. This relief, found at the Via Appia, is known since the 18 th century and belonged to the Borghese collections. It may come from the Triopius, the funeral complex built by Herodes Atticus for his wife Annia Regilla. Marble, ca. 160 CE. Louvre Museum

Phoenicia, Aradus, Syria AR Tetradrachm , Head of Tyche

Octavia as the Tyche of Corinth, end of 1 st century Museum of Corinth Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4 th century AD

Head of a Roman copy after the Antiochia Tyche, 2 nd century AD Archaeological Museum in Milan Statue of Tyche - detail. Antalya Archaeological Museum. Perge collections:

Tyche Fortuna from Italica Sevilla Archaeological Museum Tyche, Sparta Museum

Tyche appears on many coins of the Hellenistic period in the three centuries before the Christian era, especially from cities in the Aegean. Tyche on the reverse of this coin by Gordian III 238 -244 , CE.

Bust of the goddess Tyche, protectress of the city of Ephesus in the porch facade of the Temple of Hadrian in Ephesus.

"Pity a mother, calmly and patiently listen to her pious prayers, and the higher the gods have exalted thee, the more gently bear down upon the fallen. What is given to misery is a gift to Fortuna [Tykhe]] i. e. the goddess accepts generosity to the miserable as an offering, which she repays in the hour of need]. So may thy chaste wife’s couch see thee again; so may Laertes [your father] prolong his years till he welcome thee home once more; so may thy son succeed thee". Seneca, Troades 695 ff. Mosaic of Ticha, goddess of Bet She'an. Wearing a crown with the town's walls, and holding a Cornucopia, with a Phoenix tree in it.

"Fortuna [Tykhe, fortune] without order rules the affairs of men, scatters her gifts with unseeing hand, fostering the worse; dire lust prevails against pure men, and crime sits regnant in the lofty palace. The rabble rejoice to give government to the vile, paying high honours even where they hate. Warped are the rewards of uprightness sad virtue gains; wretched poverty dogs the pure, and the adulterer, strong in wickedness, reigns supreme". Seneca, Phaedra 978 ff. Elihu Vedder , Fortuna

"What god joined Fortuna (Fortune) [Tykhe] and Invidia (Envy) [Nemesis] in truceless kinship? Who bade the cruel goddesses engage in unending war? Will the one set her mark upon no house, but the other must straightway fix it with her grim glance, and with savage hand make havoc of its gladness? Happy and prosperous was this abode, no shock assailed it, no thought of sorrow; what cause was there to have fear of Fortuna, treacherous and fickle though she be, while Caesar was favourable? Yet the jealous Fata (Fate) found a way, and barbarous violence entered that blameless home". Isis Fortuna. Roman fresco. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples Statius, Silvae 5. 1. 137 ff.

Alexey Tarasovich Markov, Fortuna and a Beggar, 1836 Russian State Museum, St. Petersburg

"But truly, if Fortuna [Tykhe] disapproves, nothing can turn out right for any mortal, and neither wise planning nor shrewd remedies can overtun or reshape the pre-ordained arrangements of divine providence". Apuleius, The Golden Ass 9. 1 ff. Angelo Bronzino, Allegory of Happiness , 1564 Uffizien , Florenz

"Learned men of old had good grounds for envisaging and describing Fortuna (Fortune) [Tykhe] as blind and utterly sightless [like Ploutos the god of wealth]. That goddess, I mused, ever bestows her riches on the wicked and the unworthy, never favouring anyone by discerning choice, but on the contrary preferring to lodge with precisely the people to whom she should have given wide berth, if she had eyes to see. Worst of all, she foists on us reputations at odds with and contrary to the truth, so that the evil man boasts in the glory of being honest, while by contrast he transparently innocent man is afflicted with a damaging reputation". Apuleias, The Golden Ass 7. 2 ff. MASTER M Z Fortune , 1505 Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

Monogrammist EF (? ), A Dancing Pair Accompanied by a Blindfolded Fortune, 1693, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

אחראית לשובם בשלום של , פורטונה היא מטיבת הנשים . הגברים בריאים ושלמים מהקרב TYKHE Altes Museum, Berlin, Germany Tykhe, the goddess of fortune, adorned with a turret-crown and a cornucopia (horn of plenty) brimming with fruit. )with these attributes she could just as easily be Demeter).

: מכינוייה של פורטונה . בלתי בטוחה - Dubia , טובה - Bona , –נוטה חסד Blanda The goddess Tyche holding in her arms Plutus (god of wealth) as a child. Hellenistic art, Roman period, 2 nd century AD. From Prusias ad Hypium (in the present-day il of Düzce). Istanbul Archaeological Museum

Fortuna was not always positive: she was doubtful (Fortuna Dubia); she could be "fickle fortune" (Fortuna Brevis), or downright evil luck (Fortuna Mala). CATTANEO, Danese Fortuna , 1550 Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence

The traumatic humiliation of Emperor Valerian by king Shapur I of Persia (260) passed into European cultural memory as an instance of the reversals of Fortuna. In Hans Holbein's drawing, (1521)the universal lesson is brought home by its

Andrea Previtali Allegory of the winged Fortune, c. 1490 Venise, Galleria dell'Accademia Guido Reni Fortuna and Amor , 1623 Roma, Pinacoteca Vaticana

, שנבנה ע"פ המסורת ע"י המלך סרויוס טוליוס , ביוני במקדשה העתיק ביותר 24 - את חגה חגגו ב . חביבה של פורטונה Fausto and Felice Niccolini Temple of Fortuna (reconstruction of life in ancient Pompeii), 1854 -90 Bibliothèque des Arts décoratifs Paris

For the Romans Fortuna was the personification of luck; the appellation of Primigenia (first bearer) indicates that the original devotion to the goddess was part of the cult of Mother Earth; after the Roman conquest of Egypt Fortuna Primigenia took some features of Isis, the Egyptian goddess of motherhood, magic and fertility; this last aspect led to depicting the goddess holding a cornucopia, a symbol of abundance. Fortuna had an oracle in Praeneste where the future was chosen by a small boy choosing oak rods with possible futures written on them. The sanctuary continued to be very popular until most of the IIIrd century, when the diffusion of solar beliefs and Christianity reduced the appeal of polytheism. The sanctuary was most likely closed by Emperor Theodosius , but Fortuna continues to fascinate millions of gamblers. Reconstruction of the temple of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina by Pietro da Cortona

חלק מרצפת הפסיפס במקדש לפורטונה פרימיגניה בפלסטרינה Mosaic of the Nile: Lower Egypt during floods with a possible depiction of Canopus, a canal which was a famous landmark of Alexandria

ועוד חלק מן הפסיפס Mosaic of the Nile: a possible depiction of the Temple to Serapis and other buildings of Alexandria

All over the Roman world, Fortuna was worshipped at a great number of shrines under various titles that were applied to her according to the various circumstances of life in which her influence was hoped to have a positive effect: Fortuna Annonaria brought the luck of the harvest Fortuna Belli fortune of war Fortuna Primigenia directed the fortune of a firstborn child at the moment of birth Fortuna Respiciens fortune of the provider Fortuna Virilis attended a man's career Fortuna Redux brought one safely home Castle Koblenz Niederberg, altar stone with the figure of offerings; The stone was consecrated by Cnaeus Calpurnius Verus, prefect of the cohort, of the goddess Fortuna. , first half of the 3 rd century. Accompanying text (extract): FORTVNAE CN(aeus) CALPVRNIVS VERVS PRAF(ectus) COH(ortis) VII RAETOR(um) EQ(uitatae) Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn

Silver statuette of Isis Fortune. Imperial Roman Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples Goddess Fortuna and Pontos (city and area near Black Sea), marble, late 2 nd century BC Graeco-Roman, Tomis, Romania. Muzeul de Constantza Romania

Fortuna Muliebris the luck of a woman. Typical of Roman attitudes, the fortune of a woman in marriage, however, was Fortuna Virilis. Fortuna Victrix brought victory in battle Fortuna Augusta fortune of the emperor Fortuna Balnearis fortune of the baths Fortuna Conservatrix fortune of the Preserver Fortuna Equestris fortune of the Knights Fortuna Huiusque fortune of the present day Fortuna Obsequens fortune of indulgence Fortuna Privata fortune of the private individual Fortuna Publica fortune of the people Fortuna Romana fortune of Rome Fortuna Virgo fortune of the virgin Silver votive plaque for Fortuna ( 2 nd/3 rd century AD ) Weißenburg ( Bavaria ). Roman Museum

Votive inscription to the honour of "returning Fortune" by Marcus Sattonius lucundus of Colonia Ulpia Traiana (Xanten) in the roman bath of Coriovallum Heerlen, The Netherlands Sacrifice to Fortuna (luck), altar, Roman, from Cerveteri, Italy Museo della Civilta Romana Rome

The Godness Fortune Late 16 th - early 17 th century France State Hermitage Museum. Bust of Fortuna , 1 st century BC - 1 st century, Ancient Rome State Hermitage Museum Mercury and Fortune , 17 th century France (? ) State Hermitage Museum

The earliest reference to the Wheel of Fortune , emblematic of the endless changes in life between prosperity and disaster, occurs in Cicero, In Pisonem , 55 BCE. Roman goddess Fortuna , fresco from a Roman ara, Museo archeologico Milan

a miniature image of the alsace manuscript book Garden of Delights by Herrad of Landsberg (XIIth century ). Bibliothèque Nationale de France Fortuna did not disappear from the popular imagination with the triumph of Christianity by any means. In the 6 th century, the Consolation of Philosophy, by statesman and philosopher Boethius, written while he faced execution, reflected the Christian theology of casus, that the apparently random and often ruinous turns of Fortune's Wheel are in fact both inevitable and providential, that even the most coincidental events are part of God's hidden plan which one should not resist or try to change. Events, individual decisions, the influence of the stars were all merely vehicles of Divine Will. However, perhaps because scripture could not explain all of the questions of life, Fortune crept back in to popular acceptance. In succeeding generations Consolation was required reading for scholars and students.

The ubiquitous image of Wheel of Fortune found throughout the Middle Ages and beyond was a direct legacy of the second book of Boethius's Consolation. The Wheel appears in many renditions from tiny miniatures in manuscripts to huge stained glass windows in cathedrals, such as at Amiens. Lady Fortune is usually represented as larger than life to underscore her importance. The wheel characteristically has four shelves, or stages of life, with four human figures, usually labeled on the left regnabo (I shall reign), on the top regno (I reign) and is usually crowned, descending on the right regnavi (I have reigned) and the lowly figure on the bottom is marked sum sine regno (I have no kingdom). Medieval representations of Fortune emphasize her duality and instability, such as two faces side by side like Janus; one face smiling the other frowning; half the face white the other black; she may be blindfolded but without scales, blind to justice. Occasionally her vivid clothing and bold demeanor suggest the prostitute. She was associated with the cornucopia, ship's rudder, the ball and the wheel. Lady Fortune in a Boccaccio’s manuscript "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium" (On the Fates of Famous Men), Paris, 1467, Glasgow University LIbrary

Fortuna with her wheel, 1535. From the book ‘Principles of Natural Philosophy’, part of the ‘Margarita Philosophica’ by Gregor Reisch (1467? - 1525). Hand-colored woodcut. Science Museum, London, Great Britain

In medieval art, she was depicted as carrying a cornucopia, an emblematic ship's rudder and the wheel of fortune, or she may stand on the wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate. Hans Sebald Beham Fortuna and Infortunium) Fortune and Misfortune), 1541 Wheel of fortune in the old church of Enånger, Sweden

Illustration from John Lydgate's Siege of Troy, showing the Wheel of Fortune held/turned by the Queen of Fortune. On the left, Dame Doctryne is accompanyied by two male figures, Holy Texte and Scrypture, and two female figures, Glose and Moralyzacion. They are shown helping people rise on Fortune's Wheel because, Lydgate says, scripture is about that which shall fall, Mid 15 th-century.

Fortune would have many influences in cultural works throughout the Middle Ages. In Le Roman de la Rose, Fortune frustrates the hopes of a lover who has been helped by a personified character "Reason". In Dante's Inferno, in the seventh canto, Virgil explains the nature of Fortune. Boccaccio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium ("The Fortunes of Famous Men"), used by John Lydgate to compose his Fall of Princes, tells of many where the turn of Fortune's wheel brought those most high to disaster. Fortune makes her appearance in Carmina Burana Codex Buranus (Carmina Burana) Wheel of Fortune Germany, early 13 th century

Lady Fortune appears in chapter 25 of Machiavelli's The Prince, in which he says Fortune only rules one half of men's fate, the other half being of their own will. Machiavelli reminds the reader that Fortune is a woman, that she favours a strong, or even violent hand, and the she favours the more aggressive and bold young man than a timid elder. Albrecht Dürer, Fortuna , 1502

The ceiling painting in the Stanza del Cane shows that fortune cannot be obtained by force: a crowned figure accompanied by a lion tries to wrest the cornucopia from Fortune , who is seated on a globe, while a third figure turns aside, concealing a knife in her breast. A possible interpretation of these figures could be that they represent Pride and Deceit. VERONESE, Paolo Fortune , 1560 -61 Fresco Villa Barbaro, Maser

Wirt von Wil, Nicolaus Fortune as a Shield-Holder , 1578 Stained Glass Panel State Hermitage Museum

Unknown Master, Italian Fortuna, 16 th century Uffizi Gallery, Florence Dyck, Anthony van Rachel de Ruvigny, Countess of Southampton, as Fortune, circa 1638 The Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge

Pierre Bouillon, L'Enfant et la Fortune, 1801, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen

Rodolfo Bernardelli Fortune Edward Burne-Jones The Wheel of Fortune, 1875 -83 Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Schalcken Godfried Allegory of Fortune Henri Gascar, Fortuna, Circa 1670.

Rudolf Friedrich August Henneberg, Hot in pursuit of fortune, 1866, Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin

Arno Breker Fortuna , the Roman Goddess of good luck and wealth. Hildo Krop Vrouwe Fortuna (Lady Fortune). Amsterdam near the Muntplein.

Coat of arms of the Stadt (town) Glückstadt in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Statue of Goddess Fortuna Stadthaus Berlin

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