Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism SECTION 1 Regional Economies

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson SECTION 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank NEXT

Section 1 Regional Economies Create Differences The North and the South develop different economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions. NEXT

SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences Another Revolution Affects America Changes in Manufacturing • By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of Interchangeable parts (identical pieces used to assemble products) • Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks • Mass production is production of goods in large quantities • Industrial Revolution—social, economic reorganization: - machines replace hand tools - large-scale factory production develops - result of manufacturing changes Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Another Revolution Affects America Great Britain Starts a Revolution • In 18 th century, British first to generate power from streams, coal • Develop power-driven machines for mass production, build factories The Industrial Revolution in the United States • After independence, U. S. income primarily from international trade • Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping • Americans begin to invest in domestic industries Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Another Revolution Affects America New England Industrializes • Samuel Slater builds first thread factory in Pawtucket, RI (1793) • Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages of cloth making (1813) • Build weaving factories in Waltham, MA and Lowell, MA • By late 1820 s, Lowell becomes booming manufacturing center • Thousands—mostly young women—leave family farms to work in Lowell NEXT

Lowell Mills

SECTION 1 Two Economic Systems Develop Agriculture in the North • Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate • South makes huge profits on cash crops; no incentive to industrialize • In Old Northwest, farmers raise 1 or 2 types of crops, livestock - sell farm products at city markets; buy other items • Grains do not need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves • Northern slavery dying out by late 1700 s - most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804 Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Two Economic Systems Develop Cotton Is King in the South • Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for massive profits • Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North • Poor non-slaveholding farmers go west to cultivate cotton • Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama Slavery Becomes Entrenched • Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820 s, demand for slaves increases • Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population • The Atlantic Slave Trade NEXT

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin The widow of the revolutionary war general Nathaniel Greene (who died in 1786) was living in Savannah, GA. One day in 1793, she was entertaining some southern planters who spoke about the difficulty of plucking cotton fibers from its sticky seed. This was very tedious work which slaves were forced to do, but which could only be done slowly. Mrs. Greene’s young protégé, Eli Whitney, was present. Within a few weeks, he had built a machine that pulled the fibers off the seeds mechanically. This “cotton gin” (short for “engine”) increased the amount of cotton that could be picked off the seeds fifty-fold.

SECTION 1 Clay Proposes the American System Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests • Madison’s plan to unite the country’s regions, create strong a economy: - develop transportation systems; make internal improvements - establish protective tariff - revive national bank that diminished under Jefferson • House Speaker Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - North produces manufactured goods - South and West produce food, cotton - national currency, transportation facilitate trade - all regions sustain the others making U. S. economically independent Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Clay Proposes the American System Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements • Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825 • Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for themselves • Federal government funds highways to connect different regions • 1838, National Road extends from MD to IL • Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie: Atlantic ocean now to the Great Lakes • Other states build over 3, 000 miles of canals by 1837 NEXT

The Erie Canal Deadly diseases seemed to spread along the Erie Canal. Every town along the canal suffered from cholera, even though they had enacted measures to keep the disease out. Cholera was brought by Irish immigrant workers. Quarantines were enacted along the river and canal, towns hoping to limit the spread of cholera. These efforts failed because once the boats came to a halt, passengers would jump ashore completely avoiding the quarantine checkpoints. Many canal workers and their families lived along the canals where they drew water for cooking and washing. Since there were no sanitary systems in the shantytowns, workers threw their garbage and waste into the waterways. Shantytowns created the perfect situation for cholera to thrive. Cholera was thought to be God punishing sinners and that it was a result of America’s unjust social system. Those within the religious community thought that cholera was a way to cleanse the country to save it from its “atheism and infidelity. ” It was also thought that cholera only affected those who led “alcoholic, drug related, sexually excessive, and filth ridden lives. ” As long as you lived a good life free of sin, you would be spared this deadly disease.

SECTION 1 continued Clay Proposes the American System Tariffs and the National Bank • Madison proposes Tariff of 1816—tariff on imports - increases cost of foreign goods - people more likely to buy American goods - helps pay for improvements • Northeast welcomes tariff; South, West resent higher prices • In 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years • President James Monroe elected president (1816), begins “Era of good Feelings”; decrease in harsh political rhetoric in a time of heightened sense of nationalism NEXT

Section 2 Nationalism at Center Stage Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion in the early 1800 s. NEXT

SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage The Supreme Court Boosts National Power Strengthening Government Economic Control • Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls interstate commerce; • Mc. Culloch v. Maryland: states cannot overturn laws passed by Congress (MD tried to heavily tax a local branch of the Bank of the US) --Ruled that Congress has implied powers under the constitution; weakens states’ rights argument Limiting State Powers • Marshall Court blocks state interference in business, commerce • Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law violating individual rights to make contracts • Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state cannot interfere with contracts NEXT

SECTION 2 Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Territory and Boundaries • Nationalism—national interests come before region, foreign concerns • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams guided by nationalism over regional interests - makes treaties with Britain on Great Lakes, borders, territories • Spain cedes Florida to U. S. in Adams-Onís Treaty - gives up claim to Oregon Territory -keeps its claims to all lands west of Texas Continued. . . NEXT

Adams-Onis Treaty In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain retained possession not only of Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. At the time, these two territories included all of present-day California and New Mexico along with modern Nevada, Utah, Arizona and sections of Wyoming and Colorado. The treaty -- which was not ratified by the United States and the new republic of Mexico until 1831 -- also mandated that Spain relinquish its claims to the country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the northern border of California). Later, in 1824, Russia would also abandon its claim to Oregon south of 54’ 40, ’ (the southern border of Alaska. )

SECTION 2 continued Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy The Monroe Doctrine • Europe has colonial designs on Latin America and elsewhere in the Americas • Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia has trading posts in CA • Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas - 4 major points 1) The United States would not get involved in European affairs 2) The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Western Hemisphere 3) No other nation could form a new colony in the Western Hemisphere 4) If a European nation tried to control or interfere with a nation in the Western Hemisphere, the United States would view it as a hostile act against this nation NEXT

Monroe Doctrine The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.

SECTION 2 Nationalism Pushes America West Expansion to the West • Most settlers go west for land, economic opportunity • Possible to change jobs The Missouri Compromise • When territory’s population reaches 60, 000 may apply for statehood • Missouri Compromise—preserves balance between slave, free states (11 each) - Maine admitted into Union as free state, Missouri as slave state - divides Louisiana Territory at 36 30’ line: slavery legal in south NEXT

Missouri Compromise Thomas Jefferson expressed his opinion on the Missouri Compromise in a letter to John Holms dated April 22, 1820. Jefferson writes that the Missouri question, "like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. " Jefferson wrote that the "Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm. . . I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much. "

Section 3 The Age of Jackson Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common people but violate Native American rights. NEXT

SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Expanding Democracy Changes Politics 1824 Election • Calhoun, Clay, Adams, Jackson for Prez • In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins popular and electoral vote • No one wins majority; deciding vote in the House • John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support • Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain • Jacksonians form Democratic Party, block Adams’s policies Democracy and Citizenship • Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property; 1824=350 k voters… 1828=1. 15 million • In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency NEXT

Election of 1824 Following the election, President Adams did offer Clay the position of Secretary of State, lending credence to the belief that there was a corrupt bargain. The deep party divisions ended the “era of good feelings”. Clay formed a “National Republican party”. National Republicans tended to be Unionist, while Democrats leaned to the state’s rights side.

SECTION 3 Jackson’s New Presidential Style Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Citizen • Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in reality is wealthy - says Adams is intellectual elitist • Jackson wins 1828 presidential election by landslide Jackson’s Spoils System • Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year terms • Uses spoils system—replaces former appointees with own friends • Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet” NEXT

Jackson Attempted Assassination

Birth of the railroad train In 1825, John Stevens built the first locomotive in the United States to run on rails—on a half-mile track near his home in Hoboken, NJ. The railroad would open the interior of the country far beyond the capacity of the rivers and canals and would make the vastness of the US a matter not of weakness but of strength.

Jefferson and Adams die As the 50 th anniversary of independence approached, John Adams had passed his 90 th birthday, Jefferson his 83 rd; and both were ill. It was questionable whether Jefferson would live to see the anniversary, but he held on to life long enough to acknowledge, after midnight, that it was July 4 th. He then died. John Adams died a few hours later, his last words being a whispered “Jefferson still survives!”, since news didn’t reach him. With the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, only one signer (Charles Carroll) of the Declaration remained alive. Amazingly, James Monroe also died on July 4 th, 1831.

SECTION 3 Removal of Native Americans Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans • Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land - thinks assimilation cannot work - too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands • Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830 - funds treaties that force Native Americans west • Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Removal of Native Americans The Cherokee Fight Back • Worcester v. Georgia—Marshall decides the state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land • GA ignores ruling, Jackson does nothing to stop them • Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority favor relocation • Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation begins • By 1838, 20, 000 remain; President Martin Van Buren orders removal The Trail of Tears • Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800 -mile trip made on foot • Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y. UILURVo. Phw NEXT

Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears In 1813, Jackson sent home an Indian child found on battlefield with his dead mother. This boy, Lyncoya, (c 1811 -1828) may have originally been intended as kind of a pet and companion for Andrew Junior, but Jackson soon took a strong interest in him. He was educated with Andrew Junior and Jackson had aspirations of sending him to West Point. Political circumstances made that impossible, and Lyncoya went to train as a saddle maker in Nashville. He died of tuberculosis in 1828. Jackson is the only American President to have actually adopted a Native American child.

Section 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank Andrew Jackson confronts two important issues during his presidency—states’ rights and a national bank. NEXT

SECTION 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue Jackson’s Tariff Scheme and Nullification Theory • North wants protective tariffs; South against • Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations • Calhoun devises nullification theory: - questions legality of applying federal laws to states - Constitution based on compact among states - state can reject law it considers unconstitutional - states have right to leave Union if nullification denied • Chief Justice Marshall claims only the S. Court can decide whether a law is unconstitutional or not Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights • Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights • Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union • Pres. Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns South Carolina Rebels • South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede if feds try to collect $ • Jackson calls it treason…Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina • Nation on the brink of civil war • Henry Clay, the great compromiser, proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years NEXT

Hayne-Webster Debates Robert Hayne had been in the Senate since 1823, having entered at the age of 32. His record there shows him constantly on guard against perceived threats to the institution of slavery. He and other Jacksonians also opposed U. S. participation in a conference of the Americas, largely because it would mean dealing with black Haitian representatives as peers. Daniel Webster, though a relative newcomer to the Senate, was nationally known as a great orator. Called, at times "Godlike Dan Webster", and at other times "Black Dan" for his swarthiness and his flaws as a human being. He won major constitutional cases before the Supreme Court (most notably, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE V. WOODWARD, GIBBONS V. OGDEN, and MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND), establishing himself as the nation's leading lawyer and an outstanding orator.

SECTION 4 Jackson Attacks the National Bank Jackson Opposes the Bank • Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States • Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy; goes with his “common-man” beliefs Pet Banks • Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party • Bank of US president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank Whig Party Forms • People unhappy with Jackson (Clay, Adams, Webster) form Whig Party, back American System • Want protective tariff, construction of roads/canals, and federal control of the banking system NEXT

Jackson's actions with regards to the Second Bank of the United States resulted in his censure by Congress for abuse of power. This cartoon depicts Henry Clay sewing Jackson's mouth shut. “You are a den of vipers and thieves. I intend to rout you out, and by the eternal God, I will rout you out”. --Andrew Jackson, to a delegation of bankers discussing the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, 1832

SECTION 4 Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy • Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with Jackson’s support • Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have • Rush to exchange paper money for gold and silver; banks stop taking paper $ • Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system: - people lose savings, businesses bankrupted - more than a third of population out of work • Van Buren tries unsuccessfully to solve economic problems • Recession signals US future of continued boom and bust economies till the mid-20 th century Continued. . . NEXT

Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 was America’s First Great Depression. It led to violence on the streets of major cities. This painting depicts Philadelphia’s Kennsington riots. Anti-immigrant American-born Protestant Anglos portrayed themselves as “native” Americans in contrast to the “invading” Irish foreigners. Kensington’s Irish immigrants formed their own community and social networks centered on the church, the tavern, and the volunteer firehouse. The “nativists” accused the Irish of isolating themselves from the larger society and being unwilling to assimilate. nativist working classes felt particularly threatened by Irish Catholic competition for jobs and housing. The common perception that the largely poor, unskilled Irish immigrants drove down wages by working for next to nothing stoked nativist antipathies. In May 1844, the tensions came to a head in Kensington’s Nanny Goat Market with a violent nativist–Irish clash that lasted for three days.

SECTION 4 continued Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy Harrison and Tyler • Whig William Henry Harrison (depicted as the common-man/war hero) beats Van Buren (depicted as wealthy and privileged) in 1840 election…in fact, the opposite was true of these men • Harrison enacts Whig program to revitalize economy • Dies one month later of pneumonia; succeeded by vice-president John Tyler • Tyler opposes many parts of Whig economic plan • Whigs regret making him Vice President and call him “His Accidency”! NEXT